15.6 Forced oscillations  (Page 5/7)

A mass is placed on a frictionless, horizontal table. A spring $\left(k=100\text{N/m}\right)$ , which can be stretched or compressed, is placed on the table. A 5.00-kg mass is attached to one end of the spring, the other end is anchored to the wall. The equilibrium position is marked at zero. A student moves the mass out to $x=4.0\text{cm}$ and releases it from rest. The mass oscillates in SHM. (a) Determine the equations of motion. (b) Find the position, velocity, and acceleration of the mass at time $t=3.00\text{s}\text{.}$

Find the ratio of the new/old periods of a pendulum if the pendulum were transported from Earth to the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is $1.63{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}}$ .

At what rate will a pendulum clock run on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is $1.63{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}}$ , if it keeps time accurately on Earth? That is, find the time (in hours) it takes the clock’s hour hand to make one revolution on the Moon.

If a pendulum-driven clock gains 5.00 s/day, what fractional change in pendulum length must be made for it to keep perfect time?

A 2.00-kg object hangs, at rest, on a 1.00-m-long string attached to the ceiling. A 100-g mass is fired with a speed of 20 m/s at the 2.00-kg mass, and the 100.00-g mass collides perfectly elastically with the 2.00-kg mass. Write an equation for the motion of the hanging mass after the collision. Assume air resistance is negligible.

A 2.00-kg object hangs, at rest, on a 1.00-m-long string attached to the ceiling. A 100-g object is fired with a speed of 20 m/s at the 2.00-kg object, and the two objects collide and stick together in a totally inelastic collision. Write an equation for the motion of the system after the collision. Assume air resistance is negligible.

Assume that a pendulum used to drive a grandfather clock has a length $L_0=1.00\text{m}$ and a mass M at temperature $T=20.00\text{°}\text{C}\text{.}$ It can be modeled as a physical pendulum as a rod oscillating around one end. By what percentage will the period change if the temperature increases by $10\text{°}\text{C}?$ Assume the length of the rod changes linearly with temperature, where $L=L_0\left(1+\alpha \text{Δ}T\right)$ and the rod is made of brass $\left(\alpha =18\times {10}^{\mathrm{-6}}\text{°}{\text{C}}^{\mathrm{-1}}\right).$

A 2.00-kg block lies at rest on a frictionless table. A spring, with a spring constant of 100 N/m is attached to the wall and to the block. A second block of 0.50 kg is placed on top of the first block. The 2.00-kg block is gently pulled to a position $x=+A$ and released from rest. There is a coefficient of friction of 0.45 between the two blocks. (a) What is the period of the oscillations? (b) What is the largest amplitude of motion that will allow the blocks to oscillate without the 0.50-kg block sliding off?

A suspension bridge oscillates with an effective force constant of $1.00\times {10}^8\text{N/m}$ . (a) How much energy is needed to make it oscillate with an amplitude of 0.100 m? (b) If soldiers march across the bridge with a cadence equal to the bridge’s natural frequency and impart $1.00\times {10}^4\text{J}$ of energy each second, how long does it take for the bridge’s oscillations to go from 0.100 m to 0.500 m amplitude.

Near the top of the Citigroup Center building in New York City, there is an object with mass of $4.00\times {10}^5\text{kg}$ on springs that have adjustable force constants. Its function is to dampen wind-driven oscillations of the building by oscillating at the same frequency as the building is being driven—the driving force is transferred to the object, which oscillates instead of the entire building. (a) What effective force constant should the springs have to make the object oscillate with a period of 2.00 s? (b) What energy is stored in the springs for a 2.00-m displacement from equilibrium?

Parcels of air (small volumes of air) in a stable atmosphere (where the temperature increases with height) can oscillate up and down, due to the restoring force provided by the buoyancy of the air parcel. The frequency of the oscillations are a measure of the stability of the atmosphere. Assuming that the acceleration of an air parcel can be modeled as $\frac{{\partial }^2{z}^{\prime }}{\partial t^2}=\frac{g}{{\rho }_o}\frac{\partial \rho \left(z\right)}{\partial z}{z}^{\prime }$ , prove that $z^{\prime }=z_0{}^{\prime }{e}^{t\sqrt{\text{−}{N}^2}}$ is a solution, where N is known as the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. Note that in a stable atmosphere, the density decreases with height and parcel oscillates up and down.

Consider the van der Waals potential $U\left(r\right)=U_o\left[{\left(\frac{R_o}{r}\right)}^{12}-2{\left(\frac{R_o}{r}\right)}^6\right]$ , used to model the potential energy function of two molecules, where the minimum potential is at $r=R_o$ . Find the force as a function of r . Consider a small displacement $r=R_o+r^{\prime }$ and use the binomial theorem:

${\left(1+x\right)}^n=1+nx+\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2!}{x}^2+\frac{n\left(n-1\right)\left(n-2\right)}{3!}{x}^3+\cdots$ ,

to show that the force does approximate a Hooke’s law force.

Suppose the length of a clock’s pendulum is changed by 1.000%, exactly at noon one day. What time will the clock read 24.00 hours later, assuming it the pendulum has kept perfect time before the change? Note that there are two answers, and perform the calculation to four-digit precision.

(a) The springs of a pickup truck act like a single spring with a force constant of $1.30\times {10}^5\text{N/m}$ . By how much will the truck be depressed by its maximum load of 1000 kg? (b) If the pickup truck has four identical springs, what is the force constant of each?