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Component | Description | Examples | Frameworks | More Frameworks |
Technological | Hardware: Machines of different kinds | Door (with tasks delegated to it such as automatically shutting and being locked) | Value Discovery (identifying and locating values in STS) | Social Constructionism> : Restoring interpretive flexibility to reconstruct a technology to remove bias and realize value |
Code that configures machines around human purposes | Power generating technologies based on renewable and nonrenewable resources | Value Translation (Operationalizing and implementing values in a STS by designing and carrying out a procedure) | Identifying and mitigating complexity in the form of tightly-coupled systems and non-linear causal chains | |
Technology can constrain business activity by de-skilling | Automobiles, computers, cell phones all of which have produced profound changes in our STSs | Value Verification (Using methods of participatory observation to determine how effectively values have been realized.) | De-centralizing control and authority | |
Technology, especially software, can instrument human action | Microsoft Office, Firefox Browser, Google Chrome, Google Docs, Social Networking software | Transperspectivity : discovering strands of construction of current STS; identifying possibilities for reconstruction | Designing to avoid the technological imperative and reverse adaptation (where humans abandon ends and serve the ends of technologies |
Component | Description | Examples | Frameworks | More Frameworks |
Ethical Environment | Moral Constructs : Spheres of justice where distribution takes place according to context-dependent rules (Rules) | Basic Moral Concepts : rights, duties, goods, values, virtues, responsibility, and justice | Utilitarianism : Happiness is tied to maximizing the satisfaction of aggregated preferences. | Basic Capabilities : life, bodily health, bodily integrity |
Social Constructs : Power and its distribution among groups and individuals | Intermediate Moral Concepts : Privacy, Property, Informed Consent, Free Speech, due Process, Safety/Risk | Rights : Capacities of action that are essential to autonomy, vulnerable to standard threats, and correlated with feasible duties | Cognitive Capabilities : Sense, Imagination, Thought; Emotion; Practical Reason | |
Right : A right is a capacity of action, essential to autonomy, that others are obliged to recognize and respect. | Privacy : If the information is directly relevant to the relation to the holder and the seeker, then it is not private. | Virtues : Settled dispositions toward choosing the mean between extremes of excess and defect. (Courage is the mean between cowardice and recklessness) | Social Capabilities : Affiliations, Other Species | |
Duty : A duty is a principle that obliges us to recognize and respect the rights of others. | Property : That with which I mix my labor is mine. Intellectual property is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. | Capabilities Approach : For Nussbaum, capabilities answer the question, “What is this person able to do or be?” For Sen, capabilities are “‘substantial freedoms,’ a set of (causally interrelated) opportunities to choose and act.” | Capabilities that address vulnerabilities : Play and Control over one's environment |
Read also:
OpenStax, Corporate governance. OpenStax CNX. Aug 20, 2007 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col10396/1.10
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