500 to 401 b.c.

500 to 401 b.c.

Backward to 600 to 501 B.C.

At about 500 B.C. the cultural leadership of the Middle East became a thing of the past, but the dominance of Europe still lay far in the future, so that for the next 2,000 years the four major civilized areas of the world - the Middle East, Aegean and Italy, Indus and Ganges valleys of India and China - all pursued their separate ways, often affected by what transpired beyond their frontiers, sometimes borrowing cultural elements from Qne another and repeatedly afflicted by nomad attacks. Yet each developed according to an inner logic and momentum of its own. (Ref. 139 )

Forward to 400 to 301 B.C.

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