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Introduction to socialization Read Online
5.1 Theories of self-development Read Online
5.2 Why socialization matters Read Online
In the summer of 2005, police detective Mark Holste followed an investigator from the Department of Children and Families to a home in Plant City, Florida. They were there to look into a statement from the neighbor concerning a shabby house on Old Sydney Road. A small girl was reported peering from one of its broken windows. This seemed odd because no one in the neighborhood had seen a young child in or around the home, which had been inhabited for the past three years by a woman, her boyfriend, and two adult sons.
Who was the mystery girl in the window?
Entering the house, Detective Holste and his team were shocked. It was the worst mess they’d ever seen, infested with cockroaches, smeared with feces and urine from both people and pets, and filled with dilapidated furniture and ragged window coverings.
Detective Holste headed down a hallway and entered a small room. That’s where he found the little girl, with big, vacant eyes, staring into the darkness. A newspaper report later described the detective’s first encounter with the child: “She lay on a torn, moldy mattress on the floor. She was curled on her side . . . her ribs and collarbone jutted out . . . her black hair was matted, crawling with lice. Insect bites, rashes and sores pocked her skin . . . She was naked—except for a swollen diaper. … Her name, her mother said, was Danielle. She was almost seven years old” (DeGregory 2008).
Detective Holste immediately carried Danielle out of the home. She was taken to a hospital for medical treatment and evaluation. Through extensive testing, doctors determined that, although she was severely malnourished, Danielle was able to see, hear, and vocalize normally. Still, she wouldn’t look anyone in the eyes, didn’t know how to chew or swallow solid food, didn’t cry, didn’t respond to stimuli that would typically cause pain, and didn’t know how to communicate either with words or simple gestures such as nodding “yes” or “no.” Likewise, although tests showed she had no chronic diseases or genetic abnormalities, the only way she could stand was with someone holding onto her hands, and she “walked sideways on her toes, like a crab” (DeGregory 2008).
What had happened to Danielle? Put simply: beyond the basic requirements for survival, she had been neglected. Based on their investigation, social workers concluded that she had been left almost entirely alone in rooms like the one where she was found. Without regular interaction—the holding, hugging, talking, the explanations and demonstrations given to most young children—she had not learned to walk or to speak, to eat or to interact, to play or even to understand the world around her. From a sociological point of view, Danielle had not been socialized.
Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values. Socialization is not the same as socializing (interacting with others, like family, friends, and coworkers); to be precise, it is a sociological process that occurs through socializing. As Danielle’s story illustrates, even the most basic of human activities are learned. You may be surprised to know that even physical tasks like sitting, standing, and walking had not automatically developed for Danielle as she grew. And without socialization, Danielle hadn’t learned about the material culture of her society (the tangible objects a culture uses): for example, she couldn’t hold a spoon, bounce a ball, or use a chair for sitting. She also hadn’t learned its nonmaterial culture, such as its beliefs, values, and norms. She had no understanding of the concept of “family,” didn’t know cultural expectations for using a bathroom for elimination, and had no sense of modesty. Most importantly, she hadn’t learned to use the symbols that make up language—through which we learn about who we are, how we fit with other people, and the natural and social worlds in which we live.
Sociologists have long been fascinated by circumstances like Danielle’s—in which a child receives sufficient human support to survive, but virtually no social interaction—because they highlight how much we depend on social interaction to provide the information and skills that we need to be part of society or even to develop a “self.”
The necessity for early social contact was demonstrated by the research of Harry and Margaret Harlow. From 1957 to 1963, the Harlows conducted a series of experiments studying how rhesus monkeys, which behave a lot like people, are affected by isolation as babies. They studied monkeys raised under two types of “substitute” mothering circumstances: a mesh and wire sculpture, or a soft terrycloth “mother.” The monkeys systematically preferred the company of a soft, terrycloth substitute mother (closely resembling a rhesus monkey) that was unable to feed them, to a mesh and wire mother that provided sustenance via a feeding tube. This demonstrated that while food was important, social comfort was of greater value (Harlow and Harlow 1962; Harlow 1971). Later experiments testing more severe isolation revealed that such deprivation of social contact led to significant developmental and social challenges later in life.
In the following sections, we will examine the importance of the complex process of socialization and how it takes place through interaction with many individuals, groups, and social institutions. We will explore how socialization is not only critical to children as they develop but how it is also a lifelong process through which we become prepared for new social environments and expectations in every stage of our lives. But first, we will turn to scholarship about self-development, the process of coming to recognize a sense of self, a “self” that is then able to be socialized.
DeGregory, Lane. 2008. “The Girl in the Window.” St. Petersburg Times , July 31. Retrieved January 31, 2012 ( (External Link) ).
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Question: Who is more likely to be an expressive leader?
Choices:
The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company
A high school teacher at a reform school
The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children
A manager at a fast-food restaurant
Question: What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?
Choices:
Secondary group
Formal organization
Reference group
Primary group
Question: Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership?
Choices:
A fire station
A college classroom
A high school prom committee
A homeless shelter
Question: Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.
Choices:
primary group; secondary group
dyad; triad
couple; family
de facto group; nuclear family
Question: What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement?
Choices:
The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole
The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group
How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension
The factions and divisions that form within the movement
Question: A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low selfesteem may wish to look at her child's:
Choices:
reference group
in-group
out-group
All of the above
Question: Which of the following is NOT an example of an in-group?
Choices:
The Ku Klux Klan
A fraternity
A synagogue
A high school
Question: What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective?
Choices:
The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present.
The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model.
The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view.
The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.
Question: In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?
Choices:
A very small group of witnesses
The presence of an ally
The ability to keep one's answer private
All of the above
Question: When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________.
Choices:
primary groups
out-groups
reference groups
secondary groups
Question: What role do secondary groups play in society?
Choices:
They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs.
They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others.
The members give and receive emotional support.
They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.