Psychology

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax’s resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About Psychology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 Pedagogical foundation

0.9 Art, interactives, and assessments that engage

0.10 Ancillaries

0.11 About our team

Introduction to psychology

1 What is psychology?

1.1 Merits of an education in psychology

1.3 Personal application question

2 History of psychology

2.1 Wundt and structuralism

2.2 James and functionalism

2.3 Freud and psychoanalytic theory

2.4 Wertheimer, koffka, köhler, and gestalt psychology

2.5 Pavlov, watson, skinner, and behaviorism

2.6 Maslow, rogers, and humanism

2.7 The cognitive revolution

2.8 Multicultural psychology

2.10 Personal application questions

3 Contemporary psychology

3.1 Biopsychology and evolutionary psychology

3.2 Sensation and perception

3.3 Cognitive psychology

3.4 Developmental psychology

3.5 Personality psychology

3.7 Industrial-organizational psychology

3.8 Health psychology

3.9 Sport and exercise psychology

3.10 Clinical psychology

3.11 Forensic psychology

3.13 Personal application question

4 Careers in psychology

4.1 Other careers in academic settings

4.2 Career options outside of academic settings

4.4 Personal application question

Psychological research

1 Why is research important?

1.1 Use of research information

1.2 The process of scientific research

1.4 Personal application questions

2 Approaches to research

2.1 Clinical or case studies

2.2 Naturalistic observation

2.4 Archival research

2.5 Longitudinal and cross-sectional research

2.7 Personal application questions

3 Analyzing findings

3.1 Correlational research

3.2 Correlation does not indicate causation

3.3 Illusory correlations

3.4 Causality: conducting experiments and using the data

3.5 The experimental hypothesis

3.6 Designing an experiment

3.7 Independent and dependent variables

3.8 Selecting and assigning experimental participants

3.9 Issues to consider

3.10 Interpreting experimental findings

3.11 Reporting research

3.12 Reliability and validity

3.14 Personal application questions

4.1 Research involving human participants

4.2 Research involving animal subjects

4.4 Personal application questions

1 Human genetics

1.1 Genetic variation

1.2 Gene-environment interactions

1.4 Personal application questions

2 Cells of the nervous system

2.1 Neuron structure

2.2 Neuronal communication

2.3 Neurotransmitters and drugs

2.5 Personal application queation

3 Parts of the nervous system

3.1 Peripheral nervous system

3.3 Personal application questions

4 The brain and spinal cord

4.1 The spinal cord

4.2 The two hemispheres

4.3 Forebrain structures

4.4 Lobes of the brain

4.5 Other areas of the forebrain

4.6 The case of henry molaison (h.m.)

4.7 Midbrain and hindbrain structures

4.8 Brain imaging

4.9 Techniques involving radiation

4.10 Techniques involving magnetic fields

4.11 Techniques involving electrical activity

4.13 Personal application questions

5 The endocrine system

5.1 Major glands

5.3 Personal application questions

States of consciousness

1 What is consciousness?

1.1 Biological rhythms

1.2 Problems with circadian rhythms

1.3 Disruptions of normal sleep

1.4 Insufficient sleep

1.6 Personal application questions

2 Sleep and why we sleep

2.1 What is sleep?

2.2 Why do we sleep?

2.3 Adaptive function of sleep

2.4 Cognitive function of sleep

2.6 Personal application question

3 Stages of sleep

3.1 Nrem stages of sleep

3.5 Personal application question

4 Sleep problems and disorders

4.2 Parasomnias

4.3 Sleepwalking

4.4 Rem sleep behavior disorder (rbd)

4.5 Other parasomnias

4.6 Sleep apnea

4.10 Personal application question

5 Substance use and abuse

5.1 Substance use disorders

5.2 Drug categories

5.3 Alcohol and other depressants

5.6 Hallucinogens

5.8 Personal application question

6 Other states of consciousness

6.4 Personal application question

Sensation and perception

1 Sensation versus perception

1.4 Personal application question

2 Waves and wavelengths

2.1 Amplitude and wavelength

2.2 Light waves

2.3 Sound waves

2.5 Personal application question

3.1 Anatomy of the visual system

3.2 Color and depth perception

3.3 Color vision

3.4 Depth perception

3.6 Personal application question

4.1 Anatomy of the auditory system

4.2 Pitch perception

4.3 Sound localization

4.4 Hearing loss

4.6 Personal application question

5 The other senses

5.1 The chemical senses

5.2 Taste (gustation)

5.3 Smell (olfaction)

5.4 Touch, thermoception, and nociception

5.5 Pain perception

5.6 The vestibular sense, proprioception, and kinesthesia

5.8 Personal application question

6 Gestalt principles of perception

6.2 Personal application question

1 What is learning?

1.2 Personal application questions

2 Classical conditioning

2.1 Real world application of classical conditioning

2.2 General processes in classical conditioning

2.3 Behaviorism

2.5 Personal application question

3 Operant conditioning

3.1 Reinforcement

3.4 Primary and secondary reinforcers

3.5 Reinforcement schedules

3.6 Cognition and latent learning

3.8 Personal application questions

4 Observational learning (modeling)

4.1 Steps in the modeling process

4.3 Personal application question

Thinking and intelligence

1 What is cognition?

1.2 Concepts and prototypes

1.3 Natural and artificial concepts

1.6 Personal application question

2.1 Components of language

2.2 Language development

2.3 Language and thought

2.5 Personal application question

3 Problem solving

3.1 Problem-solving strategies

3.2 Pitfalls to problem solving

3.4 Personal application question

4 What are intelligence and creativity?

4.1 Classifying intelligence

4.4 Personal application question

5 Measures of intelligence

5.1 Measuring intelligence

5.2 The bell curve

5.3 Why measure intelligence?

5.5 Personal application question

6 The source of intelligence

6.1 High intelligence: nature or nurture?

6.2 What are learning disabilities?

6.6 Personal application question

1 How memory functions

1.3 Sensory memory

1.4 Short-term memory

1.5 Long-term memory

1.8 Personal application questions

2 Parts of the brain involved with memory

2.1 The amygdala

2.2 The hippocampus

2.3 The cerebellum and prefrontal cortex

2.4 Neurotransmitters

2.6 Personal application questions

3 Problems with memory

3.2 Anterograde amnesia

3.3 Retrograde amnesia

3.4 Memory construction and reconstruction

3.5 Suggestibility

3.6 Eyewitness misidentification

3.7 The misinformation effect

3.8 Controversies over repressed and recovered memories

3.10 Encoding failure

3.11 Memory errors

3.12 Interference

3.14 Personal application questions

4 Ways to enhance memory

4.1 Memory-enhancing strategies

4.2 How to study effectively

4.4 Personal application questions

Lifespan development

1 What is lifespan development?

1.1 Issues in developmental psychology

1.2 Is development continuous or discontinuous?

1.3 Is there one course of development or many?

1.4 How do nature and nurture influence development?

1.6 Personal application questions

2 Lifespan theories

2.1 Psychosexual theory of development

2.2 Psychosocial theory of development

2.3 Cognitive theory of development

2.4 Beyond formal operational thought

2.5 Theory of moral development

2.7 Personal application questions

3 Stages of development

3.1 Prenatal development

3.2 Germinal stage (weeks 1–2)

3.3 Embryonic stage (weeks 3–8)

3.4 Fetal stage (weeks 9–40)

3.5 Prenatal influences

3.6 Infancy through childhood

3.7 Physical development

3.8 Cognitive development

3.10 Self-concept

3.11 Adolescence

3.12 Physical development

3.13 Cognitive development

3.14 Psychosocial development

3.15 Emerging adulthood

3.17 Physical development

3.18 Cognitive development

3.19 Psychosocial development

3.21 Personal application questions

4 Death and dying

4.2 Personal application questions

Emotion and motivation

1.1 Theories about motivation

1.3 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1.5 Personal application question

2 Hunger and eating

2.1 Physiological mechanisms

2.2 Metabolism and body weight

2.4 Eating disorders

2.6 Personal application question

3 Sexual behavior

3.1 Physiological mechanisms of sexual behavior and motivation

3.2 Kinsey’s research

3.3 Masters and johnson’s research

3.4 Sexual orientation

3.5 Misunderstandings about sexual orientation

3.6 Gender identity

3.7 Cultural factors in sexual orientation and gender identity

3.9 Personal application question

4.1 Theories of emotion

4.2 The biology of emotions

4.4 Hippocampus

4.5 Facial expression and recognition of emotions

4.7 Personal application question

1 What is personality?

1.1 Historical perspectives

1.3 Personal application questions

2 Freud and the psychodynamic perspective

2.1 Levels of consciousness

2.2 Defense mechanisms

2.3 Stages of psychosexual development

2.6 Phallic stage

2.7 Latency period

2.8 Genital stage

2.10 Personal application questions

3 Neo-freudians: adler, erikson, jung, and horney

3.1 Alfred adler

3.2 Erik erikson

3.4 Karen horney

3.6 Personal application questions

4 Learning approaches

4.1 The behavioral perspective

4.3 Reciprocal determinism

4.4 Observational learning

4.5 Self-efficacy

4.6 Julian rotter and locus of control

4.7 Walter mischel and the person-situation debate

4.9 Personal application questions

5 Humanistic approaches

5.2 Personal application questions

6 Biological approaches

6.1 Temperament

6.3 Personal application questions

7 Trait theorists

7.2 Personal application questions

8 Cultural understandings of personality

8.1 Personality in individualist and collectivist cultures

8.2 Approaches to studying personality in a cultural context

8.4 Personal application questions

9 Personality assessment

9.1 Self-report inventories

9.2 Projective tests

9.4 Personal application questions

Social psychology

1 What is social psychology?

1.1 Situational and dispositional influences on behavior

1.2 Fundamental attribution error

1.3 Is the fundamental attribution error a universal phenomenon?

1.4 Actor-observer bias

1.5 Self-serving bias

1.6 Just-world hypothesis

1.8 Personal application questions

2 Self-presentation

2.4 Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

2.6 Personal application questions

3 Attitudes and persuasion

3.1 What is cognitive dissonance?

3.2 The effect of initiation

3.4 Yale attitude change approach

3.5 Elaboration likelihood model

3.6 Foot-in-the-door technique

3.8 Personal application questions

4 Conformity, compliance, and obedience

4.2 Stanley milgram’s experiment

4.4 Group polarization

4.8 Personal application questions

5 Prejudice and discrimination

5.1 Understanding prejudice and discrimination

5.2 Types of prejudice and discrimination

5.7 Why do prejudice and discrimination exist?

5.8 Stereotypes and self-fulfilling prophecy

5.9 In-groups and out-groups

5.11 Personal application questions

6.3 Cyberbullying

6.4 The bystander effect

6.6 Personal application questions

7 Prosocial behavior

7.1 Prosocial behavior and altruism

7.2 Forming relationships

7.4 Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

7.7 Personal application questions

Industrial-organizational psychology

1 What is industrial and organizational psychology?

1.1 The historical development of industrial and organizational psychology

1.2 From wwii to today

1.4 Personal application question

2 Industrial psychology: selecting and evaluating employees

2.1 Selecting employees

2.2 Candidate analysis and testing

2.5 Evaluating employees

2.6 Bias and protections in hiring

2.7 The u.s. equal employment opportunity commission (eeoc)

2.8 Americans with disabilities act (ada)

2.10 Personal application question

3 Organizational psychology: the social dimension of work

3.1 Job satisfaction

3.2 Work–family balance

3.3 Management and organizational structure

3.4 Goals, teamwork and work teams

3.5 Organizational culture

3.6 Violence in the workplace

3.8 Personal application questions

4 Human factors psychology and workplace design

4.2 Personal application

Stress, lifestyle, and health

1 What is stress?

1.1 Good stress?

1.2 The prevalence of stress

1.3 Early contributions to the study of stress

1.4 Cannon and the fight-or-flight response

1.5 Selye and the general adaptation syndrome

1.6 The physiological basis of stress

1.8 Personal application question

2.1 Traumatic events

2.2 Life changes

2.4 Other stressors

2.6 Personal application question

3 Stress and illness

3.1 Psychophysiological disorders

3.2 Stress and the immune system

3.3 Immune system errors

3.4 Stressors and immune function

3.5 Cardiovascular disorders

3.6 Are you type a or type b?

3.7 Depression and the heart

3.9 Tension headaches

3.11 Personal application question

4 Regulation of stress

4.1 Coping styles

4.2 Control and stress

4.4 Stress reduction techniques

4.6 Personal application question

5 The pursuit of happiness

5.2 Elements of happiness

5.3 Factors connected to happiness

5.4 Life events and happiness

5.5 Increasing happiness

5.6 Positive psychology

5.7 Positive affect and optimism

5.10 Personal application question

Psychological disorders

1 What are psychological disorders?

1.1 Definition of a psychological disorder

1.2 Cultural expectations

1.3 Harmful dysfunction

1.4 The american psychiatric association (apa) definition

1.6 Personal application question

2 Diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders

2.1 THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (dsm)

2.2 The international classification of diseases

2.3 The compassionate view of psychological disorders

3 Perspectives on psychological disorders

3.1 Supernatural perspectives of psychological disorders

3.2 Biological perspectives of psychological disorders

3.3 The diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders

3.5 Personal application question

4 Anxiety disorders

4.1 Specific phobia

4.2 Acquisition of phobias through learning

4.4 Panic disorder

4.5 Generalized anxiety disorder

5 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

5.1 Obsessive-compulsive disorder

5.2 Body dysmorphic disorder

5.3 Hoarding disorder

5.4 Causes of ocd

6 Posttraumatic stress disorder

6.1 A broader definition of ptsd

6.2 Risk factors for ptsd

6.3 Support for sufferers of ptsd

6.4 Learning and the development of ptsd

7 Mood disorders

7.1 Major depressive disorder

7.2 Results of major depressive disorder

7.3 Risk factors for major depressive disorder

7.4 Subtypes of depression

7.5 Bipolar disorder

7.6 Risk factors for bipolar disorder

7.7 The biological basis of mood disorders

7.8 A diathesis-stress model and major depressive disorders

7.9 Cognitive theories of depression

7.11 Risk factors for suicide

7.13 Personal application question

8 Schizophrenia

8.1 Symptoms of schizophrenia

8.2 Causes of schizophrenia

8.4 Neurotransmitters

8.5 Brain anatomy

8.6 Events during pregnancy

8.8 Schizophrenia: early warning signs

9 Dissociative disorders

9.1 Dissociative amnesia

9.2 Depersonalization/derealization disorder

9.3 Dissociative identity disorder

9.5 Personal application question

10 Personality disorders

10.1 Borderline personality disorder

10.2 Biological basis for borderline personality disorder

10.3 Antisocial personality disorder

10.4 Risk factors for antisocial personality disorder

11 Disorders in childhood

11.1 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

11.2 Life problems from adhd

11.3 Causes of adhd

11.4 Autism spectrum disorder

11.5 Life problems from autism spectrum disorder

11.6 Causes of autism spectrum disorder

11.7 Child vaccinations and autism spectrum disorder

11.9 Personal application question

Therapy and treatment

1 Mental health treatment: past and present

1.1 Treatment in the past

1.2 Mental health treatment today

1.4 Personal application questions

2 Types of treatment

2.1 Psychotherapy techniques: psychoanalysis

2.2 Psychotherapy: play therapy

2.3 Psychotherapy: behavior therapy

2.4 Psychotherapy: cognitive therapy

2.5 Psychotherapy: cognitive-behavioral therapy

2.6 Psychotherapy: humanistic therapy

2.7 Evaluating various forms of psychotherapy

2.8 Biomedical therapies

2.10 Personal application question

3 Treatment modalities

3.1 Individual therapy

3.2 Group therapy

3.3 Couples therapy

3.4 Family therapy

3.6 Personal application

4 Substance-related and addictive disorders: a special case

4.1 What makes treatment effective?

4.2 Comorbid disorders

4.4 Personal application question

5 The sociocultural model and therapy utilization

5.1 Barriers to treatment

5.3 Personal application question

Source: OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX. Feb 03, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11629/1.5

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