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Finding Limits: Properties of Limits

For the following exercises, find the limits if lim x c f ( x ) = −3 and lim x c g ( x ) = 5.

lim x c ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) )

2

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lim x c f ( x ) g ( x )

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lim x c ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )

−15

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lim x 0 + f ( x ) , f ( x ) = { 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 3    x > 0 x < 0

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lim x 0 f ( x ) , f ( x ) = { 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 3    x > 0 x < 0

3

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lim x 3 + ( 3 x 〚x〛 )

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For the following exercises, evaluate the limits using algebraic techniques.

lim h 0 ( ( h + 6 ) 2 36 h )

12

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lim x 25 ( x 2 625 x 5 )

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lim x 1 ( x 2 9 x x )

10

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lim x 4 7 12 x + 1 x 4

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lim x 3 ( 1 3 + 1 x 3 + x )

1 9

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Continuity

For the following exercises, use numerical evidence to determine whether the limit exists at x = a . If not, describe the behavior of the graph of the function at x = a .

f ( x ) = 2 x 4 ;   a = 4

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f ( x ) = 2 ( x 4 ) 2 ;   a = 4

At x = 4 , the function has a vertical asymptote.

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f ( x ) = x x 2 x 6 ;   a = 3

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f ( x ) = 6 x 2 + 23 x + 20 4 x 2 25 ;   a = 5 2

removable discontinuity at a = 5 2

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f ( x ) = x 3 9 x ;   a = 9

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For the following exercises, determine where the given function f ( x ) is continuous. Where it is not continuous, state which conditions fail, and classify any discontinuities.

f ( x ) = x 2 2 x 15

continuous on ( , )

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f ( x ) = x 2 2 x 15 x 5

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f ( x ) = x 2 2 x x 2 4 x + 4

removable discontinuity at x = 2. f ( 2 ) is not defined, but limits exist.

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f ( x ) = x 3 125 2 x 2 12 x + 10

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f ( x ) = x 2 1 x 2 x

discontinuity at x = 0 and x = 2. Both f ( 0 ) and f ( 2 ) are not defined.

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f ( x ) = x + 2 x 2 3 x 10

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f ( x ) = x + 2 x 3 + 8

removable discontinuity at x = 2.   f ( 2 ) is not defined.

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Derivatives

For the following exercises, find the average rate of change f ( x + h ) f ( x ) h .

f ( x ) = ln ( x )

ln ( x + h ) ln ( x ) h

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For the following exercises, find the derivative of the function.

Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) at the indicated x value.
f ( x ) = x 3 + 4 x ; x = 2.

y = 8 x + 16

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For the following exercises, with the aid of a graphing utility, explain why the function is not differentiable everywhere on its domain. Specify the points where the function is not differentiable.

Given that the volume of a right circular cone is V = 1 3 π r 2 h and that a given cone has a fixed height of 9 cm and variable radius length, find the instantaneous rate of change of volume with respect to radius length when the radius is 2 cm. Give an exact answer in terms of π

12 π

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Practice test

For the following exercises, use the graph of f in [link] .

Graph of a piecewise function with two segments. The first segment goes from negative infinity to (-1, 0), an open point, and the second segment goes from (-1, 3), an open point, to positive infinity.

lim x −1 + f ( x )

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lim x −1 f ( x )

0

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lim x −2 f ( x )

−1

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At what values of x is f discontinuous? What property of continuity is violated?

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For the following exercises, with the use of a graphing utility, use numerical or graphical evidence to determine the left- and right-hand limits of the function given as x approaches a . If the function has a limit as x approaches a , state it. If not, discuss why there is no limit

f ( x ) = { 1 x 3 ,  i f x 2 x 3 + 1 , i f x > 2    a = 2

lim x 2 f ( x ) = 5 2 a and lim x 2 + f ( x ) = 9 Thus, the limit of the function as x approaches 2 does not exist.

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f ( x ) = { x 3 + 1 , i f x < 1 3 x 2 1 , i f x = 1 x + 3 + 4 , i f x > 1    a = 1

For the following exercises, evaluate each limit using algebraic techniques.

lim x −5 ( 1 5 + 1 x 10 + 2 x )

1 50

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lim h 0 ( h 2 + 25 5 h 2 )

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lim h 0 ( 1 h 1 h 2 + h )

1

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For the following exercises, determine whether or not the given function f is continuous. If it is continuous, show why. If it is not continuous, state which conditions fail.

f ( x ) = x 3 4 x 2 9 x + 36 x 3 3 x 2 + 2 x 6

removable discontinuity at x = 3

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For the following exercises, use the definition of a derivative to find the derivative of the given function at x = a .

f ( x ) = 3 x

f ' ( x ) = 3 2 a 3 2

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For the graph in [link] , determine where the function is continuous/discontinuous and differentiable/not differentiable.

Graph of a piecewise function with three segments. The first segment goes from negative infinity to (-2, -1), an open point; the second segment goes from (-2, -4), an open point, to (0, 0), a closed point; the final segment goes from (0, 1), an open point, to positive infinity.

discontinuous at –2,0, not differentiable at –2,0, 2.

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For the following exercises, with the aid of a graphing utility, explain why the function is not differentiable everywhere on its domain. Specify the points where the function is not differentiable.

f ( x ) = | x 2 | | x + 2 |

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f ( x ) = 2 1 + e 2 x

not differentiable at x = 0 (no limit)

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For the following exercises, explain the notation in words when the height of a projectile in feet, s , is a function of time t in seconds after launch and is given by the function s ( t ) .

s ( 2 )

the height of the projectile at t = 2 seconds

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s ( 2 ) s ( 1 ) 2 1

the average velocity from t = 1  to  t = 2

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For the following exercises, use technology to evaluate the limit.

lim x 0 sin ( x ) 3 x

1 3

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lim x 0 tan 2 ( x ) 2 x

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lim x 0 sin ( x ) ( 1 cos ( x ) ) 2 x 2

0

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Evaluate the limit by hand.

lim x 1 f ( x ) ,  where   f ( x ) = { 4 x 7 x 1 x 2 4 x = 1

At what value(s) of x is the function below discontinuous?

f ( x ) = { 4 x 7 x 1 x 2 4 x = 1

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For the following exercises, consider the function whose graph appears in [link] .

Graph of a positive parabola.

Find the average rate of change of the function from x = 1  to  x = 3.

2

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Find all values of x at which f ' ( x ) = 0.

x = 1

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Find all values of x at which f ' ( x ) does not exist.

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Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of f the indicated point: f ( x ) = 3 x 2 2 x 6 ,    x = 2

y = 14 x 18

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For the following exercises, use the function f ( x ) = x ( 1 x ) 2 5 .

Graph the function f ( x ) = x ( 1 x ) 2 5 by entering f ( x ) = x ( ( 1 x ) 2 ) 1 5 and then by entering f ( x ) = x ( ( 1 x ) 1 5 ) 2 .

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Explore the behavior of the graph of f ( x ) around x = 1 by graphing the function on the following domains, [0.9, 1.1], [0.99, 1.01], [0.999, 1.001], and [0.9999, 1.0001]. Use this information to determine whether the function appears to be differentiable at x = 1.

The graph is not differentiable at x = 1 (cusp).

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For the following exercises, find the derivative of each of the functions using the definition: lim h 0 f ( x + h ) f ( x ) h

f ( x ) = 4 x 2 7

f ' ( x ) = 8 x

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f ( x ) = 1 x + 2

f ' ( x ) = 1 ( 2 + x ) 2

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f ( x ) = x 3 + 1

f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2

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f ( x ) = x 1

f ' ( x ) = 1 2 x 1

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Questions & Answers

it is the relatively stable flow of income
Chidubem Reply
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SHEDRACK Reply
what is Flexible exchang rate?
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Tom
Why is unemployment rate never zero at full employment?
Priyanka Reply
bcoz of existence of frictional unemployment in our economy.
Umashankar
what is flexible exchang rate?
poudel
due to existence of the pple with disabilities
Abdulraufu
the demand of a good rises, causing the demand for another good to fall
Rushawn Reply
is it possible to leave every good at the same level
Joseph
I don't think so. because check it, if the demand for chicken increases, people will no longer consume fish like they used to causing a fall in the demand for fish
Anuolu
is not really possible to let the value of a goods to be same at the same time.....
Salome
Suppose the inflation rate is 6%, does it mean that all the goods you purchase will cost 6% more than previous year? Provide with reasoning.
Geetha Reply
Not necessarily. To measure the inflation rate economists normally use an averaged price index of a basket of certain goods. So if you purchase goods included in the basket, you will notice that you pay 6% more, otherwise not necessarily.
Waeth
discus major problems of macroeconomics
Alii Reply
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Yoal
Economic growth Stable prices and low unemployment
Ephraim
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what is inflation
Getu
increase in general price levels
WEETO
Good day How do I calculate this question: C= 100+5yd G= 2000 T= 2000 I(planned)=200. Suppose the actual output is 3000. What is the level of planned expenditures at this level of output?
Chisomo Reply
how to calculate actual output?
Chisomo
how to calculate the equilibrium income
Beshir
Criteria for determining money supply
Thapase Reply
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Muhammad
Aggregate demand
Mohammed
C=k100 +9y and i=k50.calculate the equilibrium level of output
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money as unit of account means what?
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A unit of account is something that can be used to value goods and services and make calculations
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Muhammad
I want to know how can we define macroeconomics in one line
Muhammad
it must be .9 or 0.9 no Mpc is greater than 1 Y=100+.9Y+50 Y-.9Y=150 0.1Y/0.1=150/0.1 Y=1500
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Kalombe
hi can someone help me on this question If a negative shocks shifts the IS curve to the left, what type of policy do you suggest so as to stabilize the level of output? discuss your answer using appropriate graph.
Galge Reply
if interest rate is increased this will will reduce the level of income shifting the curve to the left ◀️
Kalombe
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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