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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
  • Describe image formation by spherical mirrors.
  • Use ray diagrams and the mirror equation to calculate the properties of an image in a spherical mirror.

The image in a plane mirror has the same size as the object, is upright, and is the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. A curved mirror    , on the other hand, can form images that may be larger or smaller than the object and may form either in front of the mirror or behind it. In general, any curved surface will form an image, although some images make be so distorted as to be unrecognizable (think of fun house mirrors).

Because curved mirrors can create such a rich variety of images, they are used in many optical devices that find many uses. We will concentrate on spherical mirrors for the most part, because they are easier to manufacture than mirrors such as parabolic mirrors and so are more common.

Curved mirrors

We can define two general types of spherical mirrors. If the reflecting surface is the outer side of the sphere, the mirror is called a convex mirror    . If the inside surface is the reflecting surface, it is called a concave mirror    .

Symmetry is one of the major hallmarks of many optical devices, including mirrors and lenses. The symmetry axis of such optical elements is often called the principal axis or optical axis    . For a spherical mirror, the optical axis passes through the mirror’s center of curvature and the mirror’s vertex    , as shown in [link] .

Figure a shows a circle, divided by two parallel lines, forming two arcs, orange and blue. A line labeled optical axis runs through the center of the circle, intersecting it at the mid-points of both arcs. Each mid-point is labeled vertex. Figure b shows the orange arc, labeled concave mirror, with the reflective surface shown on the inside. Figure c shows the blue arc, labeled convex mirror, with the reflective surface shown on the outside.
A spherical mirror is formed by cutting out a piece of a sphere and silvering either the inside or outside surface. A concave mirror has silvering on the interior surface (think “cave”), and a convex mirror has silvering on the exterior surface.

Consider rays that are parallel to the optical axis of a parabolic mirror, as shown in part (a) of [link] . Following the law of reflection, these rays are reflected so that they converge at a point, called the focal point    . Part (b) of this figure shows a spherical mirror that is large compared with its radius of curvature. For this mirror, the reflected rays do not cross at the same point, so the mirror does not have a well-defined focal point. This is called spherical aberration and results in a blurred image of an extended object. Part (c) shows a spherical mirror that is small compared to its radius of curvature. This mirror is a good approximation of a parabolic mirror, so rays that arrive parallel to the optical axis are reflected to a well-defined focal point. The distance along the optical axis from the mirror to the focal point is called the focal length    of the mirror.

Figure a shows the cross section of a parabolic mirror. Parallel rays reflect from it and converge at a point labeled F, within the parabola. Figure b shows parallel rays reflected from an arc. They are reflected towards various different points close to each other. Figure c shows an arc whose radius of curvature is much bigger compared to that of the arc in figure b. Parallel rays reflect from it and converge at a point labeled F. The distance from point F to the mirror is labeled f.
(a) Parallel rays reflected from a parabolic mirror cross at a single point called the focal point F . (b) Parallel rays reflected from a large spherical mirror do not cross at a common point. (c) If a spherical mirror is small compared with its radius of curvature, it better approximates the central part of a parabolic mirror, so parallel rays essentially cross at a common point. The distance along the optical axis from the mirror to the focal point is the focal length f of the mirror.

Questions & Answers

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Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
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Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
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Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
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Source:  OpenStax, University physics volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12067/1.4
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