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- University physics volume 3
- Unit 2. modern physics
- Nuclear physics
- Nuclear fusion
Conceptual questions
Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier nuclei release energy?
The nuclei produced in the fusion process have a larger binding energy per nucleon than the nuclei that are fused. That is, nuclear fusion decreases average energy of the nucleons in the system. The energy difference is carried away as radiation.
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Problems
Verify that the total number of nucleons, and total charge are conserved for each of the following fusion reactions in the proton-proton chain.
(i)
,
(ii)
, and (iii)
.
(List the value of each of the conserved quantities before and after each of the reactions.)
i.
;
ii.
;
iii.
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Show that the total energy released in the proton-proton chain is 26.7 MeV, considering the overall effect in
,
, and
. Be sure to include the annihilation energy.
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Two fusion reactions mentioned in the text are
and
. Both reactions release energy, but the second also creates more fuel. Confirm that the energies produced in the reactions are 20.58 and 2.22 MeV, respectively. Comment on which product nuclide is most tightly bound,
or
.
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The power output of the Sun is
(a) If
of this energy is supplied by the proton-proton chain, how many protons are consumed per second? (b) How many neutrinos per second should there be per square meter at the surface of Earth from this process?
a.
; b.
;
This huge number is indicative of how rarely a neutrino interacts, since large detectors observe very few per day.
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Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called the CNO cycle:
This process is a “cycle” because
appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for the proton-proton chain in
). Assume that the positrons annihilate electrons to form more
rays.
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(a) Calculate the energy released by the fusion of a 1.00-kg mixture of deuterium and tritium, which produces helium. There are equal numbers of deuterium and tritium nuclei in the mixture.
(b) If this process takes place continuously over a period of a year, what is the average power output?
a. The atomic mass of deuterium (
) is 2.014102 u, while that of tritium (
) is 3.016049 u, for a total of 5.032151 u per reaction. So a mole of reactants has a mass of 5.03 g, and in 1.00 kg, there are
of reactants. The number of reactions that take place is therefore
.
The total energy output is the number of reactions times the energy per reaction:
b. Power is energy per unit time. One year has
so
We expect nuclear processes to yield large amounts of energy, and this is certainly the case here. The energy output of
from fusing 1.00 kg of deuterium and tritium is equivalent to 2.6 million gallons of gasoline and about eight times the energy output of the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. Yet the average backyard swimming pool has about 6 kg of deuterium in it, so that fuel is plentiful if it can be utilized in a controlled manner.
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Questions & Answers
I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
what does preconceived mean
How can I develope my cognitive domain
why is communication effective
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
please i need answer
Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
interpersonal relationships
What would be the best educational aid(s) for gifted kids/savants?
treat them normal, if they want help then give them.
that will make everyone happy
Saurabh
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Source:
OpenStax, University physics volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12067/1.4
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