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Section summary

  • Statics plays an important part in understanding everyday strains in our muscles and bones.
  • Many lever systems in the body have a mechanical advantage of significantly less than one, as many of our muscles are attached close to joints.
  • Someone with good posture stands or sits in such as way that their center of gravity lies directly above the pivot point in their hips, thereby avoiding back strain and damage to disks.

Conceptual questions

Why are the forces exerted on the outside world by the limbs of our bodies usually much smaller than the forces exerted by muscles inside the body?

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Explain why the forces in our joints are several times larger than the forces we exert on the outside world with our limbs. Can these forces be even greater than muscle forces?

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Certain types of dinosaurs were bipedal (walked on two legs). What is a good reason that these creatures invariably had long tails if they had long necks?

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Swimmers and athletes during competition need to go through certain postures at the beginning of the race. Consider the balance of the person and why start-offs are so important for races.

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If the maximum force the biceps muscle can exert is 1000 N, can we pick up an object that weighs 1000 N? Explain your answer.

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Suppose the biceps muscle was attached through tendons to the upper arm close to the elbow and the forearm near the wrist. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of this type of construction for the motion of the arm?

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Explain one of the reasons why pregnant women often suffer from back strain late in their pregnancy.

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Problems&Exercises

Verify that the force in the elbow joint in [link] is 407 N, as stated in the text.

F B = 470 N; r 1 = 4.00 cm; w a = 2.50 kg; r 2 = 16.0 cm; w b = 4.00 kg; r 3 = 38.0 cm F E = w a r 2 r 1 1 + w b r 3 r 1 1 = 2.50 kg 9.80 m / s 2 16.0 cm 4.0 cm 1 + 4.00 kg 9.80 m / s 2 38.0 cm 4.00 cm 1 = 407 N alignl { stack { size 12{F rSub { size 8{B} } ="470"" N ; "r rSub { size 8{1} } =4 cdot "00"" cm ; "w rSub { size 8{a} } =2 cdot "50"" kg ;"} {} #r rSub { size 8{2} } ="16" cdot 0" cm ;" {} # w rSub { size 8{b} } =4 cdot "00"" kg ; "r rSub { size 8{3} } ="38" cdot 0" cm" {} #F rSub { size 8{E} } times r rSub { size 8{1} } =w rSub { size 8{a} } left ( { {r rSub { size 8{2} } } over {r rSub { size 8{1} } } } - 1 right )+w rSub { size 8{b} } left ( { {r rSub { size 8{3} } } over {r rSub { size 8{1} } } } - 1 right ) {} # = left (2 cdot "50 kg" right ) left (9 cdot "80 " {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } right ) left ( { {"16" cdot "0 cm"} over {4 cdot "0 cm"} } - 1 right ) {} #+ left (4 cdot "00 kg" right ) left (9 cdot "80 " {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } right ) left ( { {"38" cdot "0 cm"} over {4 cdot "00 cm"} } - 1 right ) {} # = {underline {"407"" N"}} {}} } {}

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Two muscles in the back of the leg pull on the Achilles tendon as shown in [link] . What total force do they exert?

An Achilles tendon is shown in the figure. A vertical dotted line is shown at the middle of the top part. Two vectors inclined at twenty degree each with respect to the vertical dotted line are shown.
The Achilles tendon of the posterior leg serves to attach plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles to calcaneus bone.
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The upper leg muscle (quadriceps) exerts a force of 1250 N, which is carried by a tendon over the kneecap (the patella) at the angles shown in [link] . Find the direction and magnitude of the force exerted by the kneecap on the upper leg bone (the femur).

The figure shows a side view of the bones of a knee and the quadriceps muscle. The upper bone is inclined at fifty five degrees to the horizontal and the tension exerted by the quadriceps muscle is one thousand two hundred and fifty newtons. The tendon from the knee cap to the lower bone is inclined at seventy five degrees below the horizontal. The force in this direction is the same as that provided by the quadriceps.
The knee joint works like a hinge to bend and straighten the lower leg. It permits a person to sit, stand, and pivot.

1.1 × 10 3 N θ = 190 º ccw from positive x axis alignl { stack { size 12{1 "." 1 times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } `N} {} #θ="190"°`"ccw"`"from"`"positive"`x`"axis" {} } } {}

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A device for exercising the upper leg muscle is shown in [link] , together with a schematic representation of an equivalent lever system. Calculate the force exerted by the upper leg muscle to lift the mass at a constant speed. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for static equilibrium in Applications of Statistics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies .

A machine for leg exercise is shown. A wire is tied to a cuff around the lower part of a leg. This wire passes over three pulleys and is connected to a ten kg weight. The tension in the wire is shown near the leg in the direction of the wire. On the leg, a point on knee is shown as the pivot. The distance between the pivot and the point where the wire is tied to the leg is thirty five centimeters. A free-body diagram of the leg, represented as a pole, is shown.
A mass is connected by pulleys and wires to the ankle in this exercise device.
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A person working at a drafting board may hold her head as shown in [link] , requiring muscle action to support the head. The three major acting forces are shown. Calculate the direction and magnitude of the force supplied by the upper vertebrae F V size 12{F rSub { size 8{V} } } {} to hold the head stationary, assuming that this force acts along a line through the center of mass as do the weight and muscle force.

The head of a person working at a drafting board in relaxed position is shown. The inclination of the head is theta to the horizontal and the center of gravity is near the top of the head. The weight of the head is fifty newtons and is acting downward at the center of gravity. Three major forces are shown. The force exerted along the neck is sixty newtons.

F V = 97 N, θ = 59º size 12{F rSub { size 8{V} } ="97"`N,`θ="59"°} {}

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Questions & Answers

Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
Kate Reply
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
Kate Reply
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Eunice Reply
what is a capacitor?
Raymond Reply
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
Maria Reply
please solve
Sharon
8m/s²
Aishat
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
Saheed Reply
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
Ramon Reply
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
Scratch that
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
definitely of physics
Haryormhidey Reply
how many start and codon
Esrael Reply
what is field
Felix Reply
physics, biology and chemistry this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
WISDOM Reply
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
Belty Reply
a=v/t. a=f/m a
IHUMA
innocent
Adah
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
Nassze Reply
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
JALLAH Reply
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you. Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
What is specific heat capacity
Destiny Reply
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 27, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11406/1.9
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