College physics for ap® courses

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About College Physics for AP® Courses

0.7 Coverage, scope, and alignment to the ap® curriculum

0.8 Pedagogical foundation and features

0.10 Ap physics collection

0.11 Additional resources

0.12 Student and instructor resources

0.13 Partner resources

0.14 About the authors

0.15 Senior contributing authors

0.16 Advanced placement teacher reviewers

0.17 Faculty reviewers

0.18 To the ap® physics student

0.19 To the ap® physics teacher

1 Atomic masses

2 Selected radioactive isotopes

3 Useful information

4 Glossary of key symbols and notation

Introduction: the nature of science and physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics: an introduction

2 Physical quantities and units

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Si units: fundamental and derived units

2.3 Units of time, length, and mass: the second, meter, and kilogram

2.6 The kilogram

2.7 Metric prefixes

2.8 Known ranges of length, mass, and time

2.9 Unit conversion and dimensional analysis

2.10 Unit conversions: a short drive home

2.12 Conceptual questions

2.13 Problems & Exercises

3 Accuracy, precision, and significant figures

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Accuracy and precision of a measurement

3.3 Accuracy, precision, and uncertainty

3.4 Percent uncertainty

3.5 Uncertainties in calculations

3.6 Precision of measuring tools and significant figures

3.8 Significant figures in calculations

3.9 Significant figures in this text

3.11 Conceptual questions

3.12 Problems & Exercises

4 Approximation

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.3 Displacement

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

1.8 Test prep for ap courses

2 Vectors, scalars, and coordinate systems

3 Time, velocity, and speed

3.1 Learning objectives

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

3.8 Test prep for ap courses

5 Motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Notation: t , x , v , a

5.3 Putting equations together

5.4 Calculating displacement: how far does a car go when coming to a halt?

5.5 Section summary

5.6 Problems & Exercises

5.7 Test prep for ap courses

6 Problem-solving basics for one dimensional kinematics

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Problem-solving steps

6.9 Unreasonable results

6.13 Section summary

6.14 Conceptual questions

7 Falling objects

8 Graphical analysis of one dimensional motion

Two-dimensional kinematics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Kinematics in two dimensions: an introduction

2 Vector addition and subtraction: graphical methods

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Vectors in two dimensions

2.3 Vector addition: head-to-tail method

2.4 Adding vectors graphically using the head-to-tail method: a woman takes

2.5 Vector subtraction

2.6 Multiplication of vectors and scalars

2.7 Resolving a vector into components

2.8 Test prep for ap courses

2.10 Conceptual questions

2.11 Problems & Exercises

3 Vector addition and subtraction: analytical methods

4 Projectile motion

5 Addition of velocities

Dynamics: force and newton's laws of motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Development of force concept

2 Newton's first law of motion: inertia

3 Newton's second law of motion: concept of a system

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Units of force

3.3 Weight and the gravitational force

3.4 What rocket thrust accelerates this sled?

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problem exercises

4 Newton's third law of motion: symmetry in forces

5 Normal, tension, and other examples of force

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Normal force

5.3 Weight on an incline, a two-dimensional problem

5.5 What is the tension in a tightrope?

5.6 Extended topic: real forces and inertial frames

5.7 Test prep for ap courses

5.8 Section summary

5.9 Conceptual questions

5.10 Problem exercises

6 Problem-solving strategies

7 Further applications of newton's laws of motion

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Drag force on a barge

7.3 Different tensions at different angles

7.4 What does the bathroom scale read in an elevator?

7.5 Integrating concepts: newton’s laws of motion and kinematics

7.6 What force must a soccer player exert to reach top speed?

7.7 Test prep for ap courses

7.9 Conceptual questions

7.10 Problem exercises

8 Extended topic: the four basic forces—an introduction

Further applications of newton's laws: friction, drag, and elasticity

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Skiing exercise

1.3 Test prep for ap courses

1.4 Section summary

1.5 Conceptual questions

1.6 Problems & Exercises

3 Elasticity: stress and strain

Gravitation and uniform circular motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Rotation angle and angular velocity

2 Centripetal acceleration

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Section summary

2.3 Conceptual questions

2.4 Problem exercises

3 Centripetal force

4 Fictitious forces and non-inertial frames: the coriolis force

5 Newton's universal law of gravitation

6 Satellites and kepler's laws: an argument for simplicity

Work, energy, and energy resources

Connection for ap® courses

1 Work: the scientific definition

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 What it means to do work

1.3 Calculating work

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Work transfers energy

2.3 Net work and the work-energy theorem

2.4 Determining the work to accelerate a package

2.5 Test prep for ap courses

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Conceptual questions

2.8 Problems & Exercises

3 Gravitational potential energy

4 Conservative forces and potential energy

5 Nonconservative forces

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Nonconservative forces and friction

5.3 How nonconservative forces affect mechanical energy

5.4 How the work-energy theorem applies

5.5 Applying energy conservation with nonconservative forces

5.6 Test prep for ap courses

5.7 Section summary

5.8 Problems & Exercises

6 Conservation of energy

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Law of conservation of energy

6.3 Other forms of energy than mechanical energy

6.4 Some of the many forms of energy

6.5 Transformation of energy

6.7 Test prep for ap courses

6.8 Section summary

6.9 Conceptual questions

6.10 Problems & Exercises

8 Work, energy, and power in humans

9 World energy use

Linear momentum and collisions

Connection for ap® courses

1 Linear momentum and force

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Linear momentum

1.3 Momentum and newton’s second law

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

3 Conservation of momentum

4 Elastic collisions in one dimension

5 Inelastic collisions in one dimension

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Calculating velocity and change in kinetic energy: inelastic collision

5.3 Test prep for ap courses

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problems & Exercises

6 Collisions of point masses in two dimensions

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Determining the final velocity of an unseen object from the scattering

6.3 Elastic collisions of two objects with equal mass

6.4 Test prep for ap courses

6.5 Section summary

6.6 Conceptual questions

6.7 Problems & Exercises

7 Introduction to rocket propulsion

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Section summary

7.3 Conceptual questions

7.4 Problems & Exercises

Statics and torque

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first condition for equilibrium

2 The second condition for equilibrium

4 Applications of statics, including problem-solving strategies

5 Simple machines

6 Forces and torques in muscles and joints

Rotational motion and angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 Angular acceleration

2 Kinematics of rotational motion

3 Dynamics of rotational motion: rotational inertia

4 Rotational kinetic energy: work and energy revisited

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Calculating the work and energy for spinning a grindstone

4.3 Calculating helicopter energies

4.4 How thick is the soup? or why don't all objects roll downhill at the

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Conceptual questions

4.8 Problems & Exercises

5 Angular momentum and its conservation

6 Collisions of extended bodies in two dimensions

7 Gyroscopic effects: vector aspects of angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 What is a fluid?

4 Variation of pressure with depth in a fluid

5 Pascal’s principle

6 Gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement

7 Archimedes’ principle

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Floating and sinking

7.3 Calculating buoyant force: dependency on shape

7.4 Density and archimedes' principle

7.5 More density measurements

7.6 Section summary

7.7 Conceptual questions

7.8 Problem exercises

8 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids: surface tension and capillary action

8.1 Learning objectives

8.2 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids

8.3 Surface tension

8.4 Adhesion and capillary action

8.5 Section summary

8.6 Conceptual questions

8.7 Problems & Exercises

9 Pressures in the body

9.1 Learning objectives

9.2 Pressure in the body

9.3 Blood pressure

9.4 Pressure in the eye

9.5 Pressure associated with the lungs

9.6 Other pressures in the body

9.7 Spinal column and skull

9.8 Bladder pressure

9.9 Pressures in the skeletal system

9.10 Section summary

9.11 Problems & Exercises

Fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications

Connection for ap® courses

1 Flow rate and its relation to velocity

2 Bernoulli’s equation

3 The most general applications of bernoulli’s equation

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Torricelli's theorem

3.3 Power in fluid flow

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

3.7 Test prep for ap courses

4 Viscosity and laminar flow; poiseuille’s law

5 The onset of turbulence

6 Motion of an object in a viscous fluid

7 Molecular transport phenomena: diffusion, osmosis, and related processes

Temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws

Connection for ap® courses

2 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Thermal expansion in two and three dimensions

2.3 Thermal stress

2.4 Section summary

2.5 Conceptual questions

2.6 Problems & Exercises

3 The ideal gas law

4 Kinetic theory: atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and

5 Phase changes

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 PV Diagrams

5.3 Phase diagrams

5.4 Equilibrium

5.5 Vapor pressure, partial pressure, and dalton’s law

5.6 Section summary

5.7 Conceptual questions

6 Humidity, evaporation, and boiling

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Calculating density using vapor pressure

6.3 Calculating humidity and dew point

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problems & Exercises

Heat and heat transfer methods

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Mechanical equivalent of heat

1.3 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Conceptual questions

2 Temperature change and heat capacity

3 Phase change and latent heat

4 Heat transfer methods

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first law of thermodynamics

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Heat Q And work W

1.3 Internal energy U

1.4 Calculating change in internal energy: the same change in U Is produced

1.5 Human metabolism and the first law of thermodynamics

1.6 Test prep for ap courses

1.7 Section summary

1.8 Conceptual questions

1.9 Problems & Exercises

2 The first law of thermodynamics and some simple processes

3 Introduction to the second law of thermodynamics: heat engines and their

4 Carnot’s perfect heat engine: the second law of thermodynamics restated

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Maximum theoretical efficiency for a nuclear reactor

4.3 Section summary

4.4 Conceptual questions

4.5 Problem exercises

5 Applications of thermodynamics: heat pumps and refrigerators

6 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics: disorder and the unavailability

7 Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics

Oscillatory motion and waves

Connection for ap® courses

1 Hooke’s law: stress and strain revisited

2 Period and frequency in oscillations

3 Simple harmonic motion: a special periodic motion

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 The link between simple harmonic motion and waves

3.3 Test prep for ap courses

3.4 Section summary

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

4 The simple pendulum

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Section summary

4.3 Test prep for ap courses

4.4 Conceptual questions

4.5 Problems & Exercises

5 Energy and the simple harmonic oscillator

6 Uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion

7 Damped harmonic motion

8 Forced oscillations and resonance

9.1 Learning objectives

9.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves

9.3 Test prep for ap courses

9.4 Section summary

9.5 Conceptual questions

9.6 Problems & Exercises

10 Superposition and interference

11 Energy in waves: intensity

Physics of hearing

Connection for ap® courses

2 Speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength

3 Sound intensity and sound level

4 Doppler effect and sonic booms

5 Sound interference and resonance: standing waves in air columns

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Section summary

6.3 Conceptual questions

6.4 Problems & Exercises

Electric charge and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Static electricity and charge: conservation of charge

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Charge carried by electrons and protons

1.3 Separation of charge in atoms

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 Conductors and insulators

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Charging by contact

2.3 Charging by induction

2.4 Test prep for ap courses

2.5 Section summary

2.6 Conceptual questions

2.7 Problems & Exercises

3 Conductors and electric fields in static equilibrium

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Earth's electric field

3.3 Electric fields on uneven surfaces

3.4 Applications of conductors

3.5 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Conceptual questions

3.8 Problems & Exercises

4 Coulomb’s law

5 Electric field: concept of a field revisited

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Concept of a field

5.3 Test prep for ap courses

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problem exercises

6 Electric field lines: multiple charges

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Adding electric fields

6.3 Test prep for ap courses

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problem exercises

7 Electric forces in biology

8 Applications of electrostatics

Electric potential and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Electric potential energy: potential difference

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 The electron volt

1.3 Conservation of energy

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 Electric potential in a uniform electric field

3 Electrical potential due to a point charge

4 Equipotential lines

5 Capacitors and dielectrics

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Parallel plate capacitor

5.4 Test prep for ap courses

5.5 Section summary

5.6 Conceptual questions

5.7 Problems & Exercises

6 Capacitors in series and parallel

7 Energy stored in capacitors

Electric current, resistance, and ohm's law

Connection for ap® courses

2 Ohm’s law: resistance and simple circuits

2.1 Learning objectives

2.3 Resistance and simple circuits

2.4 Test prep for ap courses

2.5 Section summary

2.6 Conceptual questions

2.7 Problems & Exercises

3 Resistance and resistivity

4 Electric power and energy

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Power in electric circuits

4.3 The cost of electricity

4.4 Test prep for ap courses

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problem exercises

5 Alternating current versus direct current

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Alternating current

5.3 Why use ac for power distribution?

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problem exercises

6 Electric hazards and the human body

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Thermal hazards

6.3 Shock hazards

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problem exercises

7 Nerve conduction–electrocardiograms

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Nerve conduction

7.3 Electrocardiograms

7.4 Section summary

7.5 Conceptual questions

7.6 Problems & Exercises

Circuits, bioelectricity, and dc instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Resistors in series and parallel

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Resistors in series

1.3 Calculating resistance, current, voltage drop, and power dissipation:

1.4 Resistors in parallel

1.5 Calculating resistance, current, power dissipation, and power output:

1.6 Combinations of series and parallel

1.7 Calculating resistance, IR Drop, current, and power dissipation: combining

1.8 Practical implications

1.9 Test prep for ap courses

1.10 Section summary

1.11 Conceptual questions

1.12 Problem exercises

2 Electromotive force: terminal voltage

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Electromotive force

2.3 Internal resistance

2.4 Terminal voltage

2.5 Calculating terminal voltage, power dissipation, current, and resistance

2.6 Multiple voltage sources

2.7 Animals as electrical detectors

2.8 Solar cell arrays

2.9 Test prep for ap courses

2.10 Section summary

2.11 Conceptual questions

2.12 Problem exercises

3 Kirchhoff’s rules

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Kirchhoff’s first rule

3.3 Kirchhoff’s second rule

3.4 Applying kirchhoff’s rules

3.5 Calculating current: using kirchhoff’s rules

3.6 Test prep for ap courses

3.7 Section summary

3.8 Conceptual questions

3.9 Problem exercises

4 Dc voltmeters and ammeters

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Analog meters: galvanometers

4.3 Galvanometer as voltmeter

4.4 Galvanometer as ammeter

4.5 Taking measurements alters the circuit

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Conceptual questions

4.8 Problem exercises

5 Null measurements

6 Dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 RC Circuits

6.3 Discharging a capacitor

6.4 Integrated concept problem: calculating capacitor size—strobe lights

6.5 RC Circuits for timing

6.6 Test prep for ap courses

6.7 Section summary

6.8 Conceptual questions

6.9 Problem exercises

Connection for ap® courses

2 Ferromagnets and electromagnets

3 Magnetic fields and magnetic field lines

4 Magnetic field strength: force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Right hand rule 1

4.3 Test prep for ap courses

4.4 Section summary

4.5 Conceptual questions

4.6 Problems & Exercises

5 Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: examples and applications

6 The hall effect

7 Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

8 Torque on a current loop: motors and meters

9 Magnetic fields produced by currents: ampere’s law

10 Magnetic force between two parallel conductors

11 More applications of magnetism

11.1 Learning objectives

11.2 Mass spectrometry

11.3 Cathode ray tubes—crts—and the like

11.4 Magnetic resonance imaging

11.5 Other medical uses of magnetic fields

11.6 Section summary

11.7 Conceptual questions

11.8 Problems & Exercises

Electromagnetic induction, ac circuits, and electrical technologies

Connection for ap® courses

1 Induced emf and magnetic flux

2 Faraday’s law of induction: lenz’s law

4 Eddy currents and magnetic damping

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Eddy currents and magnetic damping

4.3 Applications of magnetic damping

4.4 Section summary

4.5 Conceptual questions

4.6 Problems & Exercises

5 Electric generators

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Test prep for ap courses

5.3 Section summary

5.4 Conceptual questions

5.5 Problems & Exercises

8 Electrical safety: systems and devices

11 Reactance, inductive and capacitive

12 Rlc series ac circuits

Electromagnetic waves

Connection for ap® courses

1 Maxwell’s equations: electromagnetic waves predicted and observed

2 Production of electromagnetic waves

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Electric and magnetic waves: moving together

2.3 Receiving electromagnetic waves

2.4 Relating E -field and B -field strengths

2.5 Test prep for ap courses

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Conceptual questions

2.8 Problems & Exercises

3 The electromagnetic spectrum

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transmission, reflection, and absorption

3.3 Radio and tv waves

3.4 Fm radio waves

3.5 Radio wave interference

3.7 Heating with microwaves

3.8 Infrared radiation

3.9 Visible light

3.10 Integrated concept problem: correcting vision with lasers

3.11 Ultraviolet radiation

3.12 Human exposure to uv radiation

3.13 Uv light and the ozone layer

3.14 Benefits of uv light

3.16 Gamma rays

3.17 Detecting electromagnetic waves from space

3.18 Test prep for ap courses

3.19 Section summary

3.20 Conceptual questions

3.21 Problems & Exercises

4 Energy in electromagnetic waves

Geometric optics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The ray aspect of light

2 The law of reflection

3 The law of refraction

4 Total internal reflection

5 Dispersion: the rainbow and prisms

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Section summary

5.3 Problems & Exercises

6 Image formation by lenses

7 Image formation by mirrors

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 A concave reflector

7.3 Solar electric generating system

7.4 Image in a convex mirror

7.5 Problem-solving strategy for mirrors

7.6 Test prep for ap courses

7.7 Section summary

7.8 Conceptual questions

7.9 Problems & Exercises

Vision and optical instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics of the eye

2 Vision correction

3 Color and color vision

Connection for ap® courses

1 The wave aspect of light: interference

2 Huygens's principle: diffraction

3 Young’s double slit experiment

4 Multiple slit diffraction

5 Single slit diffraction

6 Limits of resolution: the rayleigh criterion

7 Thin film interference

9 *extended topic* microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of

Special relativity

Connection for ap® courses

1 Einstein’s postulates

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Einstein’s first postulate

1.3 Einstein’s second postulate

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

2 Simultaneity and time dilation

3 Length contraction

4 Relativistic addition of velocities

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Classical velocity addition

4.3 Relativistic velocity addition

4.4 Doppler shift

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Conceptual questions

4.8 Problems & Exercises

5 Relativistic momentum

6 Relativistic energy

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Total energy and rest energy

6.3 Stored energy and potential energy

6.4 Calculating rest mass: a small mass increase due to energy input

6.5 Kinetic energy and the ultimate speed limit

6.6 Comparing kinetic energy: relativistic energy versus classical kinetic

6.7 Relativistic energy and momentum

6.8 Test prep for ap courses

6.9 Section summary

6.10 Conceptual questions

6.11 Problems & Exercises

Introduction to quantum physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Quantization of energy

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Planck’s contribution

1.3 Atomic spectra

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 The photoelectric effect

3 Photon energies and the electromagnetic spectrum

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Ionizing radiation

3.3 Visible light

3.4 Lower-energy photons

3.5 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Conceptual questions

3.8 Problems & Exercises

4 Photon momentum

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Measuring photon momentum

4.3 Electron and photon momentum compared

4.4 Relativistic photon momentum

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Test prep for ap courses

4.7 Section summary

4.8 Conceptual questions

4.9 Problems & Exercises

5 The particle-wave duality

6 The wave nature of matter

7 Probability: the heisenberg uncertainty principle

8 The particle-wave duality reviewed

Connection for ap® courses

1 Discovery of the atom

2 Discovery of the parts of the atom: electrons and nuclei

3 Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Mysteries of atomic spectra

3.3 Bohr’s solution for hydrogen

3.4 Triumphs and limits of the bohr theory

3.5 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Conceptual questions

3.8 Problems & Exercises

4 X rays: atomic origins and applications

5 Applications of atomic excitations and de-excitations

6 The wave nature of matter causes quantization

7 Patterns in spectra reveal more quantization

8 Quantum numbers and rules

8.1 Learning objectives

8.2 Intrinsic spin angular momentum is quantized in magnitude and direction

8.3 Section summary

8.4 Conceptual questions

8.5 Problem exercises

9 The pauli exclusion principle

Radioactivity and nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Nuclear radioactivity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Discovery of nuclear radioactivity

1.3 Alpha, beta, and gamma

1.4 Ionization and range

1.5 Test prep for ap courses

1.6 Section summary

1.7 Conceptual questions

2 Radiation detection and detectors

3 Substructure of the nucleus

4 Nuclear decay and conservation laws

5 Half-life and activity

6 Binding energy

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Problem-solving strategies

6.3 For reaction and binding energies and activity calculations in nuclear

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Test prep for ap courses

6.7 Problems & Exercises

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Section summary

7.3 Conceptual questions

7.4 Problems-exercises

Medical applications of nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Medical imaging and diagnostics

2 Biological effects of ionizing radiation

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Radiation protection

2.3 Problem-solving strategy

2.4 Dose from inhaled plutonium

2.5 Risk versus benefit

2.6 Test prep for ap courses

2.7 Section summary

2.8 Conceptual questions

2.9 Problems & Exercises

3 Therapeutic uses of ionizing radiation

4 Food irradiation

7 Nuclear weapons

Particle physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The yukawa particle and the heisenberg uncertainty principle revisited

2 The four basic forces

3 Accelerators create matter from energy

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Early accelerators

3.3 Modern behemoths and colliding beams

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

4 Particles, patterns, and conservation laws

5 Quarks: is that all there is?

6 Guts: the unification of forces

Frontiers of physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Cosmology and particle physics

2 General relativity and quantum gravity

4 Dark matter and closure

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Theoretical yearnings for closure

4.4 What is the dark matter we see indirectly?

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problems exercises

5 Complexity and chaos

6 High-temperature superconductors

7 Some questions we know to ask

Source: OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14

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