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Summary
- All particles of matter have an antimatter counterpart that has the opposite charge and certain other quantum numbers as seen in
[link] . These matter-antimatter pairs are otherwise very similar but will annihilate when brought together. Known particles can be divided into three major groups—leptons, hadrons, and carrier particles (gauge bosons).
- Leptons do not feel the strong nuclear force and are further divided into three groups—electron family designated by electron family number
; muon family designated by muon family number
; and tau family designated by tau family number
. The family numbers are not universally conserved due to neutrino oscillations.
- Hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force and are divided into baryons, with the baryon family number
being conserved, and mesons.
Conceptual questions
Large quantities of antimatter isolated from normal matter should behave exactly like normal matter. An antiatom, for example, composed of positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons should have the same atomic spectrum as its matter counterpart. Would you be able to tell it is antimatter by its emission of antiphotons? Explain briefly.
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Massless particles must travel at the speed of light, while others cannot reach this speed. Why are all massless particles stable? If evidence is found that neutrinos spontaneously decay into other particles, would this imply they have mass?
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When a star erupts in a supernova explosion, huge numbers of electron neutrinos are formed in nuclear reactions. Such neutrinos from the 1987A supernova in the relatively nearby Magellanic Cloud were observed within hours of the initial brightening, indicating they traveled to earth at approximately the speed of light. Explain how this data can be used to set an upper limit on the mass of the neutrino, noting that if the mass is small the neutrinos could travel very close to the speed of light and have a reasonable energy (on the order of MeV).
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Theorists have had spectacular success in predicting previously unknown particles. Considering past theoretical triumphs, why should we bother to perform experiments?
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Problems&Exercises
The
is its own antiparticle and decays in the following manner:
. What is the energy of each
ray if the
is at rest when it decays?
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The primary decay mode for the negative pion is
. What is the energy release in MeV in this decay?
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The mass of a theoretical particle that may be associated with the unification of the electroweak and strong forces is
.
(a) How many proton masses is this?
(b) How many electron masses is this? (This indicates how extremely relativistic the accelerator would have to be in order to make the particle, and how large the relativistic quantity
would have to be.)
(a)
(b)
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The decay mode of the negative muon is
.
(a) Find the energy released in MeV.
(b) Verify that charge and lepton family numbers are conserved.
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The decay mode of the positive tau is
.
(a) What energy is released?
(b) Verify that charge and lepton family numbers are conserved.
(c) The
is the antiparticle of the
.Verify that all the decay products of the
are the antiparticles of those in the decay of the
given in the text.
(a)
(b)
(c)
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The principal decay mode of the sigma zero is
.
(a) What energy is released?
(b) Considering the quark structure of the two baryons, does it appear that the
is an excited state of the
?
(c) Verify that strangeness, charge, and baryon number are conserved in the decay.
(d) Considering the preceding and the short lifetime, can the weak force be responsible? State why or why not.
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(a) What is the uncertainty in the energy released in the decay of a
due to its short lifetime?
(b) What fraction of the decay energy is this, noting that the decay mode is
(so that all the
mass is destroyed)?
(a) 3.9 eV
(b)
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(a) What is the uncertainty in the energy released in the decay of a
due to its short lifetime?
(b) Is the uncertainty in this energy greater than or less than the uncertainty in the mass of the tau neutrino? Discuss the source of the uncertainty.
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Questions & Answers
(Pcos∅+qsin∅)/(pcos∅-psin∅)
how to answer the activity
how to solve the activity
Chabelita
solve for X,,4^X-6(2^)-16=0
sobhan Singh jina uniwarcity tignomatry ka long answers tile questions
t he silly nut company makes two mixtures of nuts: mixture a and mixture b. a pound of mixture a contains 12 oz of peanuts, 3 oz of almonds and 1 oz of cashews and sells for $4. a pound of mixture b contains 12 oz of peanuts, 2 oz of almonds and 2 oz of cashews and sells for $5. the company has 1080
If
, ,
are the roots of the equation
3 2 0,
x px qx r
Find the value of
1
.
Parts of a pole were painted red, blue and yellow. 3/5 of the pole was red and 7/8 was painted blue. What part was painted yellow?
Parts of the pole was painted red, blue and yellow. 3 /5 of the pole was red and 7 /8 was painted blue. What part was painted yellow?
Patrick
how I can simplify algebraic expressions
Lairene and Mae are joking that their combined ages equal Sam’s age. If Lairene is twice Mae’s age and Sam is 69 yrs old, what are Lairene’s and Mae’s ages?
lairenea's age is 23yrs
ACKA
Laurene is 46 yrs and Mae is 23 is
Solomon
age does not matter
christopher
solve for X, 4^x-6(2*)-16=0
Alieu
prove`x^3-3x-2cosA=0
(-π<A<=π
create a lesson plan about this lesson
Excusme but what are you wrot?
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Source:
OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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