1. Home
  2. College physics for ap® courses
  3. Temperature, kinetic theory,
  4. The ideal gas law

13.3 The ideal gas law  (Page 3/11)

<< Chapter < Page
  College physics for ap® courses     Page 3 / 11
Chapter >> Page >

Making connections: take-home experiment—refrigerating a balloon

Inflate a balloon at room temperature. Leave the inflated balloon in the refrigerator overnight. What happens to the balloon, and why?

Calculating the number of molecules in a cubic meter of gas

How many molecules are in a typical object, such as gas in a tire or water in a drink? We can use the ideal gas law to give us an idea of how large N size 12{N} {} typically is.

Calculate the number of molecules in a cubic meter of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is defined to be 0 º C size 12{0°C} {} and atmospheric pressure.

Strategy

Because pressure, volume, and temperature are all specified, we can use the ideal gas law PV = NkT size 12{ ital "PV"= ital "NkT"} {} , to find N size 12{N} {} .

Solution

1. Identify the knowns.

T = 0 º C = 273 K P = 1 . 01 × 10 5 Pa V = 1 . 00 m 3 k = 1 . 38 × 10 − 23 J/K

2. Identify the unknown: number of molecules, N size 12{N} {} .

3. Rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for N size 12{N} {} .

PV = NkT N = PV kT alignl { stack { size 12{ ital "PV"= ital "NkT"} {} #size 12{N= { { ital "PV"} over { ital "kT"} } } {} } } {}

4. Substitute the known values into the equation and solve for N size 12{N} {} .

N = PV kT = 1 . 01 × 10 5 Pa 1 . 00 m 3 1 . 38 × 10 − 23 J/K 273 K = 2 . 68 × 10 25 molecules size 12{N= { { ital "PV"} over { ital "kT"} } = { { left (1 "." "01" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } " Pa" right ) left (1 "." "00 m" rSup { size 8{3} } right )} over { left (1 "." "38" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "23"} } " J/K" right ) left ("273 K" right )} } =2 "." "68" times "10" rSup { size 8{"25"} } `"molecules"} {}

Discussion

This number is undeniably large, considering that a gas is mostly empty space. N size 12{N} {} is huge, even in small volumes. For example, 1 cm 3 size 12{1" cm" rSup { size 8{3} } } {} of a gas at STP has 2 . 68 × 10 19 size 12{2 "." "68"´"10" rSup { size 8{"19"} } } {} molecules in it. Once again, note that N size 12{N} {} is the same for all types or mixtures of gases.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Moles and avogadro’s number

It is sometimes convenient to work with a unit other than molecules when measuring the amount of substance. A mole    (abbreviated mol) is defined to be the amount of a substance that contains as many atoms or molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams (0.012 kg) of carbon-12. The actual number of atoms or molecules in one mole is called Avogadro’s number     ( N A ) size 12{ \( N rSub { size 8{A} } \) } {} , in recognition of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856). He developed the concept of the mole, based on the hypothesis that equal volumes of gas, at the same pressure and temperature, contain equal numbers of molecules. That is, the number is independent of the type of gas. This hypothesis has been confirmed, and the value of Avogadro’s number is

N A = 6 . 02 × 10 23 mol − 1 . size 12{N rSub { size 8{A} } =6 "." "02" times "10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } `"mol" rSup { size 8{ - 1} } "." } {}

Avogadro’s number

One mole always contains 6 . 02 × 10 23 size 12{6 "." "02"´"10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } } {} particles (atoms or molecules), independent of the element or substance. A mole of any substance has a mass in grams equal to its molecular mass, which can be calculated from the atomic masses given in the periodic table of elements.

N A = 6 . 02 × 10 23 mol − 1 size 12{N rSub { size 8{A} } =6 "." "02" times "10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } `"mol" rSup { size 8{ - 1} } } {}
The illustration shows relatively flat land with a solitary mountain, labeled Mt. Everest, and blue sky above. A double-headed vertical arrow stretches between the land and a point in the sky that is well above the peak of the mountain. The arrow, labeled table tennis balls, serves to indicate that a column of one mole of table tennis balls would reach a point in the sky that is much higher than the peak of Mt. Everest.
How big is a mole? On a macroscopic level, one mole of table tennis balls would cover the Earth to a depth of about 40 km.

The active ingredient in a Tylenol pill is 325 mg of acetaminophen ( C 8 H 9 NO 2 ) size 12{ \( C rSub { size 8{8} } H rSub { size 8{9} } "NO" rSub { size 8{2} } \) } {} . Find the number of active molecules of acetaminophen in a single pill.

We first need to calculate the molar mass (the mass of one mole) of acetaminophen. To do this, we need to multiply the number of atoms of each element by the element’s atomic mass.

( 8 moles of carbon ) ( 12 grams/mole ) + ( 9 moles hydrogen ) ( 1 gram/mole ) + ( 1 mole nitrogen ) ( 14 grams/mole ) + ( 2 moles oxygen ) ( 16 grams/mole ) = 151 g

Then we need to calculate the number of moles in 325 mg.

325 mg 151 grams/mole 1 gram 1000 mg = 2.15 × 10 − 3 moles

Then use Avogadro’s number to calculate the number of molecules.

N = 2.15 × 10 − 3 moles 6.02 × 10 23 molecules/mole = 1.30 × 10 21 molecules size 12{N= left (2 "." "15" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 3} } `"moles" right ) left (6 "." "02" times "10" rSup { size 8{"23"} } `"molecules/mole" right )=1 "." "30" times "10" rSup { size 8{"21"} } `"molecules"} {}
Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Questions & Answers

Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
Kate Reply
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
Kate Reply
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Eunice Reply
what is a capacitor?
Raymond Reply
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
Maria Reply
please solve
Sharon
8m/s²
Aishat
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
Saheed Reply
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
Ramon Reply
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
Scratch that
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
definitely of physics
Haryormhidey Reply
how many start and codon
Esrael Reply
what is field
Felix Reply
physics, biology and chemistry this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
WISDOM Reply
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
Belty Reply
a=v/t. a=f/m a
IHUMA
innocent
Adah
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
Nassze Reply
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
JALLAH Reply
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you. Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
What is specific heat capacity
Destiny Reply
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
Jobilize.com Reply
<< Chapter < Page Page > Chapter >>
Practice Key Terms 4

Read also:

Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!

Get it on Google Play Download on the App Store Now




Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Notification Switch

Would you like to follow the 'College physics for ap® courses' conversation and receive update notifications?

Ask