12.5 The onset of turbulence  (Page 2/3)

Doppler ultrasound can be used to measure the speed of blood in the body. If there is a partial constriction of an artery, where would you expect blood speed to be greatest, at or nearby the constriction? What are the two distinct causes of higher resistance in the constriction?

Sink drains often have a device such as that shown in [link] to help speed the flow of water. How does this work?

Some ceiling fans have decorative wicker reeds on their blades. Discuss whether these fans are as quiet and efficient as those with smooth blades.

Verify that the flow of oil is laminar (barely) for an oil gusher that shoots crude oil 25.0 m into the air through a pipe with a 0.100-m diameter. The vertical pipe is 50 m long. Take the density of the oil to be $\text{900 kg}{\text{/m}}^3$ and its viscosity to be $1.00({\text{N/m}}^2)\cdot \text{s}$ (or $\mathrm{1.00\; Pa}\cdot \text{s}$ ).

Show that the Reynolds number $N_{\text{R}}$ is unitless by substituting units for all the quantities in its definition and cancelling.

Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water through (a) a nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm and (b) a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm, when the nozzle is attached to the hose. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L/s. Can the flow in either possibly be laminar?

A fire hose has an inside diameter of 6.40 cm. Suppose such a hose carries a flow of 40.0 L/s starting at a gauge pressure of $1\text{.}\text{62}\times {\text{10}}^6{\text{N/m}}^2$ . The hose goes 10.0 m up a ladder to a nozzle having an inside diameter of 3.00 cm. Calculate the Reynolds numbers for flow in the fire hose and nozzle to show that the flow in each must be turbulent.

Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the pressure at the pump is $8\text{.}\text{00}\times {\text{10}}^6{\text{N/m}}^2$ . Verify that the flow of concrete is laminar taking concrete's viscosity to be $48.0(\text{N/}{\text{m}}^2)·\text{s}$ , and given its density is $\mathrm{2300\; kg/}{\text{m}}^3$ .

At what flow rate might turbulence begin to develop in a water main with a 0.200-m diameter? Assume a $\text{20º C}$ temperature.

What is the greatest average speed of blood flow at $\text{37º C}$ in an artery of radius 2.00 mm if the flow is to remain laminar? What is the corresponding flow rate? Take the density of blood to be $\mathrm{1025\; kg}/{\text{m}}^3$ .

In Take-Home Experiment: Inhalation , we measured the average flow rate $Q$ of air traveling through the trachea during each inhalation. Now calculate the average air speed in meters per second through your trachea during each inhalation. The radius of the trachea in adult humans is approximately ${\text{10}}^{-2}\text{m}$ . From the data above, calculate the Reynolds number for the air flow in the trachea during inhalation. Do you expect the air flow to be laminar or turbulent?

Gasoline is piped underground from refineries to major users. The flow rate is $3\text{.}\text{00}\times {\text{10}}^{\mathrm{–2}}{\text{m}}^3\text{/s}$ (about 500 gal/min), the viscosity of gasoline is $1.00\times {\text{10}}^{\mathrm{–3}}({\text{N/m}}^2)\cdot \text{s}$ , and its density is $\text{680}{\text{kg/m}}^3$ . (a) What minimum diameter must the pipe have if the Reynolds number is to be less than 2000? (b) What pressure difference must be maintained along each kilometer of the pipe to maintain this flow rate?

Assuming that blood is an ideal fluid, calculate the critical flow rate at which turbulence is a certainty in the aorta. Take the diameter of the aorta to be 2.50 cm. (Turbulence will actually occur at lower average flow rates, because blood is not an ideal fluid. Furthermore, since blood flow pulses, turbulence may occur during only the high-velocity part of each heartbeat.)

Unreasonable Results

A fairly large garden hose has an internal radius of 0.600 cm and a length of 23.0 m. The nozzleless horizontal hose is attached to a faucet, and it delivers 50.0 L/s. (a) What water pressure is supplied by the faucet? (b) What is unreasonable about this pressure? (c) What is unreasonable about the premise? (d) What is the Reynolds number for the given flow? (Take the viscosity of water as $1.005\times {10}^{\mathrm{–3}}(\text{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^2)\cdot \text{s}$ .)