Predicting electron-pair geometry and molecular structure: xef
4
Of all the noble gases, xenon is the most reactive, frequently reacting with elements such as oxygen and fluorine. Predict the electron-pair geometry and molecular structure of the XeF
4 molecule.
Solution
The Lewis structure of XeF
4 indicates six regions of high electron density around the xenon atom: two lone pairs and four bonds:
These six regions adopt an octahedral arrangement (
[link] ), which is the electron-pair geometry. To minimize repulsions, the lone pairs should be on opposite sides of the central atom (
[link] ). The five atoms are all in the same plane and have a square planar molecular structure.
Check your learning
In a certain molecule, the central atom has three lone pairs and two bonds. What will the electron pair geometry and molecular structure be?
Answer:
electron pair geometry: trigonal bipyramidal; molecular structure: linear
When a molecule or polyatomic ion has only one central atom, the molecular structure completely describes the shape of the molecule. Larger molecules do not have a single central atom, but are connected by a chain of interior atoms that each possess a “local” geometry. The way these local structures are oriented with respect to each other also influences the molecular shape, but such considerations are largely beyond the scope of this introductory discussion. For our purposes, we will only focus on determining the local structures.
Predicting structure in multicenter molecules
The Lewis structure for the simplest amino acid, glycine, H
2 NCH
2 CO
2 H, is shown here. Predict the local geometry for the nitrogen atom, the two carbon atoms, and the oxygen atom with a hydrogen atom attached:
Solution
Consider each central atom independently. The electron-pair geometries:
nitrogen––four regions of electron density; tetrahedral
carbon (
C H
2 )––four regions of electron density; tetrahedral
carbon (
C O
2 )—three regions of electron density; trigonal planar
oxygen (
O H)—four regions of electron density; tetrahedral
The local structures:
nitrogen––three bonds, one lone pair; trigonal pyramidal
carbon (
C H
2 )—four bonds, no lone pairs; tetrahedral
carbon (
C O
2 )—three bonds (double bond counts as one bond), no lone pairs; trigonal planar
oxygen (
O H)—two bonds, two lone pairs; bent (109°)
Check your learning
Another amino acid is alanine, which has the Lewis structure shown here. Predict the electron-pair geometry and local structure of the nitrogen atom, the three carbon atoms, and the oxygen atom with hydrogen attached:
Answer:
electron-pair geometries: nitrogen––tetrahedral; carbon (
C H)—tetrahedral; carbon (
C H
3 )—tetrahedral; carbon (
C O
2 )—trigonal planar; oxygen (
O H)—tetrahedral; local structures: nitrogen—trigonal pyramidal; carbon (
C H)—tetrahedral; carbon (
C H
3 )—tetrahedral; carbon (
C O
2 )—trigonal planar; oxygen (
O H)—bent (109°)
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miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
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Samuel
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before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
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Jharna
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