12.5 Collision theory  (Page 5/11)

Chemical reactions occur when reactants collide. What are two factors that may prevent a collision from producing a chemical reaction?

When every collision between reactants leads to a reaction, what determines the rate at which the reaction occurs?

What is the activation energy of a reaction, and how is this energy related to the activated complex of the reaction?

Account for the relationship between the rate of a reaction and its activation energy.

Describe how graphical methods can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction from a series of data that includes the rate of reaction at varying temperatures.

How does an increase in temperature affect rate of reaction? Explain this effect in terms of the collision theory of the reaction rate.

The rate of a certain reaction doubles for every 10 °C rise in temperature.

(a) How much faster does the reaction proceed at 45 °C than at 25 °C?

(b) How much faster does the reaction proceed at 95 °C than at 25 °C?

In an experiment, a sample of NaClO ₃ was 90% decomposed in 48 min. Approximately how long would this decomposition have taken if the sample had been heated 20 °C higher?

The rate constant at 325 °C for the decomposition reaction ${\text{C}}_4{\text{H}}_8⟶{2\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_4$ is 6.1 $\times$ 10 ⁻⁸ s ⁻¹ , and the activation energy is 261 kJ per mole of C ₄ H ₈ . Determine the frequency factor for the reaction.

The rate constant for the decomposition of acetaldehyde, CH ₃ CHO, to methane, CH ₄ , and carbon monoxide, CO, in the gas phase is 1.1 $\times$ 10 ⁻² L/mol/s at 703 K and 4.95 L/mol/s at 865 K. Determine the activation energy for this decomposition.

An elevated level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum is an indication of possible liver or bone disorder. The level of serum ALP is so low that it is very difficult to measure directly. However, ALP catalyzes a number of reactions, and its relative concentration can be determined by measuring the rate of one of these reactions under controlled conditions. One such reaction is the conversion of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) to p-nitrophenoxide ion (PNP) and phosphate ion. Control of temperature during the test is very important; the rate of the reaction increases 1.47 times if the temperature changes from 30 °C to 37 °C. What is the activation energy for the ALP–catalyzed conversion of PNPP to PNP and phosphate?