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The rate of a reaction may be expressed in terms of the change in the amount of any reactant or product, and may be simply derived from the stoichiometry of the reaction. Consider the reaction represented by the following equation:
The stoichiometric factors derived from this equation may be used to relate reaction rates in the same manner that they are used to related reactant and product amounts. The relation between the reaction rates expressed in terms of nitrogen production and ammonia consumption, for example, is:
We can express this more simply without showing the stoichiometric factor’s units:
Note that a negative sign has been added to account for the opposite signs of the two amount changes (the reactant amount is decreasing while the product amount is increasing). If the reactants and products are present in the same solution, the molar amounts may be replaced by concentrations:
Similarly, the rate of formation of H 2 is three times the rate of formation of N 2 because three moles of H 2 form during the time required for the formation of one mole of N 2 :
[link] illustrates the change in concentrations over time for the decomposition of ammonia into nitrogen and hydrogen at 1100 °C. We can see from the slopes of the tangents drawn at t = 500 seconds that the instantaneous rates of change in the concentrations of the reactants and products are related by their stoichiometric factors. The rate of hydrogen production, for example, is observed to be three times greater than that for nitrogen production:
![A graph is shown with the label, “Time ( s ),” appearing on the x-axis and, “Concentration ( M ),” on the y-axis. The x-axis markings begin at 0 and end at 2000. The markings are labeled at intervals of 500. The y-axis begins at 0 and includes markings every 1.0 times 10 superscript negative 3, up to 4.0 times 10 superscript negative 3. A decreasing, concave up, non-linear curve is shown, which begins at about 2.8 times 10 superscript negative 3 on the y-axis and nearly reaches a value of 0 at the far right of the graph at the 2000 marking on the x-axis. This curve is labeled, “[ N H subscript 3].” Two additional curves that are increasing and concave down are shown, both beginning at the origin. The lower of these two curves is labeled, “[ N subscript 2 ].” It reaches a value of approximately 1.25 times 10 superscript negative 3 at 2000 seconds. The final curve is labeled, “[ H subscript 2 ].” It reaches a value of about 3.9 times 10 superscript negative 3 at 2000 seconds. A red tangent line segment is drawn to each of the curves on the graph at 500 seconds. At 500 seconds on the x-axis, a vertical dashed line is shown. Next to the [ N H subscript 3] graph appears the equation “negative capital delta [ N H subscript 3 ] over capital delta t = negative slope = 1.94 times 10 superscript negative 6 M / s.” Next to the [ N subscript 2] graph appears the equation “negative capital delta [ N subscript 2 ] over capital delta t = negative slope = 9.70 times 10 superscript negative 7 M / s.” Next to the [ H subscript 2 ] graph appears the equation “negative capital delta [ H subscript 2 ] over capital delta t = negative slope = 2.91 times 10 superscript negative 6 M / s.”](/ocw/mirror/col11760/m51097/CNX_Chem_12_01_NH3Decomp.jpg)
Write the equations that relate the rates of consumption of the reactants and the rates of formation of the products.
Write the equations that relate the rates of consumption of the reactants and the rates of formation of the products.
Based on these data, the instantaneous rate of decomposition of H
2 O
2 at
t = 11.1 h is determined to be
3.20
10
−2 mol/L/h, that is:
What is the instantaneous rate of production of H 2 O and O 2 ?
Therefore:
and
1.05 10 −6 mol/L/s, N 2 and 3.15 10 −6 mol/L/s, H 2 .
The rate of a reaction can be expressed either in terms of the decrease in the amount of a reactant or the increase in the amount of a product per unit time. Relations between different rate expressions for a given reaction are derived directly from the stoichiometric coefficients of the equation representing the reaction.
What is the difference between average rate, initial rate, and instantaneous rate?
The instantaneous rate is the rate of a reaction at any particular point in time, a period of time that is so short that the concentrations of reactants and products change by a negligible amount. The initial rate is the instantaneous rate of reaction as it starts (as product just begins to form). Average rate is the average of the instantaneous rates over a time period.
Ozone decomposes to oxygen according to the equation Write the equation that relates the rate expressions for this reaction in terms of the disappearance of O 3 and the formation of oxygen.
In the nuclear industry, chlorine trifluoride is used to prepare uranium hexafluoride, a volatile compound of uranium used in the separation of uranium isotopes. Chlorine trifluoride is prepared by the reaction Write the equation that relates the rate expressions for this reaction in terms of the disappearance of Cl 2 and F 2 and the formation of ClF 3 .
A study of the rate of dimerization of C
4 H
6 gave the data shown in the table:
| Time (s) | 0 | 1600 | 3200 | 4800 | 6200 |
| [C 4 H 6 ] ( M ) | 1.00 10 −2 | 5.04 10 −3 | 3.37 10 −3 | 2.53 10 −3 | 2.08 10 −3 |
(a) Determine the average rate of dimerization between 0 s and 1600 s, and between 1600 s and 3200 s.
(b) Estimate the instantaneous rate of dimerization at 3200 s from a graph of time versus [C 4 H 6 ]. What are the units of this rate?
(c) Determine the average rate of formation of C 8 H 12 at 1600 s and the instantaneous rate of formation at 3200 s from the rates found in parts (a) and (b).
A study of the rate of the reaction represented as gave the following data:
| Time (s) | 0.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 35.0 |
| [ A ] ( M ) | 1.00 | 0.952 | 0.625 | 0.465 | 0.370 | 0.308 | 0.230 |
(a) Determine the average rate of disappearance of A between 0.0 s and 10.0 s, and between 10.0 s and 20.0 s.
(b) Estimate the instantaneous rate of disappearance of A at 15.0 s from a graph of time versus [ A ]. What are the units of this rate?
(c) Use the rates found in parts (a) and (b) to determine the average rate of formation of B between 0.00 s and 10.0 s, and the instantaneous rate of formation of B at 15.0 s.
(a) average rate, 0 − 10 s = 0.0375 mol L −1 s −1 ; average rate, 12 − 18 s = 0.0225 mol L −1 s −1 ; (b) instantaneous rate, 15 s = 0.0500 mol L −1 s −1 ; (c) average rate for B formation = 0.0188 mol L −1 s −1 ; instantaneous rate for B formation = 0.0250 mol L −1 s −1
Consider the following reaction in aqueous solution:
If the rate of disappearance of Br – ( aq ) at a particular moment during the reaction is 3.5 10 −4 M s −1 , what is the rate of appearance of Br 2 ( aq ) at that moment?
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