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0.7 Standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances

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Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Substance Δ H f ° (kJ mol – ) Δ G f ° (kJ mol –1 ) S 298 ° (J K –1 mol –1 )
aluminum
Al( s ) 0 0 28.3
Al( g ) 324.4 285.7 164.54
Al 3+ ( aq ) –531 –485 –321.7
Al 2 O 3 ( s ) –1676 –1582 50.92
AlF 3 ( s ) –1510.4 –1425 66.5
AlCl 3 ( s ) –704.2 –628.8 110.67
AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O( s ) –2691.57 –2269.40 376.56
Al 2 S 3 ( s ) –724.0 –492.4 116.9
Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ( s ) –3445.06 –3506.61 239.32
antimony
Sb( s ) 0 0 45.69
Sb( g ) 262.34 222.17 180.16
Sb 4 O 6 ( s ) –1440.55 –1268.17 220.92
SbCl 3 ( g ) –313.8 –301.2 337.80
SbCl 5 ( g ) –394.34 –334.29 401.94
Sb 2 S 3 (s) –174.89 –173.64 182.00
SbCl 3 (s) –382.17 –323.72 184.10
SbOCl(s) –374.0 — —
arsenic
As( s ) 0 0 35.1
As( g ) 302.5 261.0 174.21
As 4 ( g ) 143.9 92.4 314
As 4 O 6 ( s ) –1313.94 –1152.52 214.22
As 2 O 5 ( s ) –924.87 –782.41 105.44
AsCl 3 ( g ) –261.50 –248.95 327.06
As 2 S 3 ( s ) –169.03 –168.62 163.59
AsH 3 ( g ) 66.44 68.93 222.78
H 3 AsO 4 ( s ) –906.3 — —
barium
Ba( s ) 0 0 62.5
Ba( g ) 180 146 170.24
Ba 2+ ( aq ) –537.6 –560.8 9.6
BaO( s ) –548.0 –520.3 72.1
BaCl 2 ( s ) –855.0 –806.7 123.7
BaSO 4 ( s ) –1473.2 –1362.3 132.2
beryllium
Be( s ) 0 0 9.50
Be( g ) 324.3 286.6 136.27
BeO( s ) –609.4 –580.1 13.8
bismuth
Bi( s ) 0 0 56.74
Bi( g ) 207.1 168.2 187.00
Bi 2 O 3 ( s ) –573.88 –493.7 151.5
BiCl 3 ( s ) –379.07 –315.06 176.98
Bi 2 S 3 ( s ) –143.1 –140.6 200.4
boron
B( s ) 0 0 5.86
B( g ) 565.0 521.0 153.4
B 2 O 3 ( s ) –1273.5 –1194.3 53.97
B 2 H 6 ( g ) 36.4 87.6 232.1
H 3 BO 3 ( s ) –1094.33 –968.92 88.83
BF 3 ( g ) –1136.0 –1119.4 254.4
BCl 3 ( g ) –403.8 –388.7 290.1
B 3 N 3 H 6 ( l ) –540.99 –392.79 199.58
HBO 2 ( s ) –794.25 –723.41 37.66
bromine
Br 2 ( l ) 0 0 152.23
Br 2 ( g ) 30.91 3.142 245.5
Br( g ) 111.88 82.429 175.0
Br – ( aq ) –120.9 –102.82 80.71
BrF 3 ( g ) –255.60 –229.45 292.42
HBr( g ) –36.3 –53.43 198.7
cadmium
Cd( s ) 0 0 51.76
Cd( g ) 112.01 77.41 167.75
Cd 2+ ( aq ) –75.90 –77.61 –73.2
CdO( s ) –258.2 –228.4 54.8
CdCl 2 ( s ) –391.5 –343.9 115.3
CdSO 4 ( s ) –933.3 –822.7 123.0
CdS( s ) –161.9 –156.5 64.9
calcium
Ca( s ) 0 0 41.6
Ca( g ) 178.2 144.3 154.88
Ca 2+ ( aq ) –542.96 –553.04 –55.2
CaO( s ) –634.9 –603.3 38.1
Ca(OH) 2 ( s ) –985.2 –897.5 83.4
CaSO 4 (s) –1434.5 –1322.0 106.5
CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O( s ) –2022.63 –1797.45 194.14
CaCO 3 ( s ) (calcite) –1220.0 –1081.4 110.0
CaSO 3 ·H 2 O( s ) –1752.68 –1555.19 184.10
carbon
C( s ) (graphite) 0 0 5.740
C( s ) (diamond) 1.89 2.90 2.38
C( g ) 716.681 671.2 158.1
CO( g ) –110.52 –137.15 197.7
CO 2 ( g ) –393.51 –394.36 213.8
CO 3 2– ( aq ) –677.1 –527.8 –56.9
CH 4 ( g ) –74.6 –50.5 186.3
CH 3 OH( l ) –239.2 –166.6 126.8
CH 3 OH( g ) –201.0 –162.3 239.9
CCl 4 ( l ) –128.2 –62.5 214.4
CCl 4 ( g ) –95.7 –58.2 309.7
CHCl 3 ( l ) –134.1 –73.7 201.7
CHCl 3 ( g ) –103.14 –70.34 295.71
CS 2 ( l ) 89.70 65.27 151.34
CS 2 ( g ) 116.9 66.8 238.0
C 2 H 2 ( g ) 227.4 209.2 200.9
C 2 H 4 ( g ) 52.4 68.4 219.3
C 2 H 6 ( g ) –84.0 –32.0 229.2
CH 3 CO 2 H( l ) –484.3 –389.9 159.8
CH 3 CO 2 H( g ) –434.84 –376.69 282.50
C 2 H 5 OH( l ) –277.6 –174.8 160.7
C 2 H 5 OH( g ) –234.8 –167.9 281.6
HCO 3 – ( aq ) –691.11 –587.06 95
C 3 H 8 ( g ) –103.8 –23.4 270.3
C 6 H 6 ( g ) 82.927 129.66 269.2
C 6 H 6 ( l ) 49.1 124.50 173.4
CH 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –124.2 –63.2 177.8
CH 2 Cl 2 ( g ) –95.4 –65.90 270.2
CH 3 Cl( g ) –81.9 –60.2 234.6
C 2 H 5 Cl( l ) –136.52 –59.31 190.79
C 2 H 5 Cl( g ) –112.17 –60.39 276.00
C 2 N 2 ( g ) 308.98 297.36 241.90
HCN( l ) 108.9 125.0 112.8
HCN( g ) 135.5 124.7 201.8
cesium
Cs + ( aq ) –248 –282.0 133
chlorine
Cl 2 ( g ) 0 0 223.1
Cl( g ) 121.3 105.70 165.2
Cl – ( aq ) –167.2 –131.2 56.5
ClF( g ) –54.48 –55.94 217.78
ClF 3 ( g ) –158.99 –118.83 281.50
Cl 2 O( g ) 80.3 97.9 266.2
Cl 2 O 7 ( l ) 238.1 — —
Cl 2 O 7 ( g ) 272.0 — —
HCl( g ) –92.307 –95.299 186.9
HClO 4 ( l ) –40.58 — —
chromium
Cr( s ) 0 0 23.77
Cr( g ) 396.6 351.8 174.50
CrO 4 2– ( aq ) –881.2 –727.8 50.21
Cr 2 O 7 2– ( aq ) –1490.3 –1301.1 261.9
Cr 2 O 3 ( s ) –1139.7 –1058.1 81.2
CrO 3 ( s ) –589.5 — —
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 ( s ) –1806.7 — —
cobalt
Co( s ) 0 0 30.0
Co 2+ ( aq ) –67.4 –51.5 –155
Co 3+ ( aq ) 92 134 –305.0
CoO( s ) –237.9 –214.2 52.97
Co 3 O 4 ( s ) –910.02 –794.98 114.22
Co(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –420.5 — —
copper
Cu( s ) 0 0 33.15
Cu( g ) 338.32 298.58 166.38
Cu + ( aq ) 51.9 50.2 –26
Cu 2+ ( aq ) 64.77 65.49 –99.6
CuO( s ) –157.3 –129.7 42.63
Cu 2 O( s ) –168.6 –146.0 93.14
CuS( s ) –53.1 –53.6 66.5
Cu 2 S( s ) –79.5 –86.2 120.9
CuSO 4 ( s ) –771.36 –662.2 109.2
Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –302.9 — —
fluorine
F 2 ( g ) 0 0 202.8
F( g ) 79.4 62.3 158.8
F – ( aq ) –332.6 –278.8 –13.8
F 2 O( g ) 24.7 41.9 247.43
HF( g ) –273.3 –275.4 173.8
hydrogen
H 2 ( g ) 0 0 130.7
H( g ) 217.97 203.26 114.7
H + ( aq ) 0 0 0
OH – ( aq ) –230.0 –157.2 –10.75
H 3 O + ( aq ) –285.8 69.91
H 2 O( l ) –285.83 –237.1 70.0
H 2 O( g ) –241.82 –228.59 188.8
H 2 O 2 ( l ) –187.78 –120.35 109.6
H 2 O 2 ( g ) –136.3 –105.6 232.7
HF( g ) –273.3 –275.4 173.8
HCl( g ) –92.307 –95.299 186.9
HBr( g ) –36.3 –53.43 198.7
HI( g ) 26.48 1.70 206.59
H 2 S( g ) –20.6 –33.4 205.8
H 2 Se( g) 29.7 15.9 219.0
iodine
I 2 ( s ) 0 0 116.14
I 2 ( g ) 62.438 19.3 260.7
I( g ) 106.84 70.2 180.8
I – ( aq ) –55.19 –51.57 11.13
IF( g ) 95.65 –118.49 236.06
ICl( g ) 17.78 –5.44 247.44
IBr( g ) 40.84 3.72 258.66
IF 7 ( g ) –943.91 –818.39 346.44
HI( g ) 26.48 1.70 206.59
iron
Fe( s ) 0 0 27.3
Fe( g ) 416.3 370.7 180.5
Fe 2+ ( aq ) –89.1 –78.90 –137.7
Fe 3+ ( aq ) –48.5 –4.7 –315.9
Fe 2 O 3 ( s ) –824.2 –742.2 87.40
Fe 3 O 4 ( s ) –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4
Fe(CO) 5 ( l ) –774.04 –705.42 338.07
Fe(CO) 5 ( g ) –733.87 –697.26 445.18
FeCl 2 ( s ) –341.79 –302.30 117.95
FeCl 3 ( s ) –399.49 –334.00 142.3
FeO( s ) –272.0 –255.2 60.75
Fe(OH) 2 ( s ) –569.0 –486.5 88.
Fe(OH) 3 ( s) –823.0 –696.5 106.7
FeS( s ) –100.0 –100.4 60.29
Fe 3 C( s ) 25.10 20.08 104.60
lead
Pb( s ) 0 0 64.81
Pb( g ) 195.2 162. 175.4
Pb 2+ ( aq ) –1.7 –24.43 10.5
PbO( s ) (yellow) –217.32 –187.89 68.70
PbO( s ) (red) –218.99 –188.93 66.5
Pb(OH) 2 ( s ) –515.9 — —
PbS( s ) –100.4 –98.7 91.2
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( s ) –451.9 — —
PbO 2 ( s ) –277.4 –217.3 68.6
PbCl 2 ( s ) –359.4 –314.1 136.0
lithium
Li( s ) 0 0 29.1
Li( g ) 159.3 126.6 138.8
Li + ( aq ) –278.5 –293.3 13.4
LiH( s ) –90.5 –68.3 20.0
Li(OH)( s ) –487.5 –441.5 42.8
LiF( s ) –616.0 –587.5 35.7
Li 2 CO 3 ( s ) –1216.04 –1132.19 90.17
magnesium
Mg 2+ ( aq ) –466.9 –454.8 –138.1
manganese
Mn( s ) 0 0 32.0
Mn( g ) 280.7 238.5 173.7
Mn 2+ ( aq ) –220.8 –228.1 –73.6
MnO( s ) –385.2 –362.9 59.71
MnO 2 ( s ) –520.03 –465.1 53.05
Mn 2 O 3 ( s ) –958.97 –881.15 110.46
Mn 3 O 4 ( s ) –1378.83 –1283.23 155.64
MnO 4 – ( aq ) –541.4 –447.2 191.2
MnO 4 2– ( aq ) –653.0 –500.7 59
mercury
Hg( l ) 0 0 75.9
Hg( g ) 61.4 31.8 175.0
Hg 2+ ( aq ) 164.8
Hg 2+ ( aq ) 172.4 153.9 84.5
HgO( s ) (red) –90.83 –58.5 70.29
HgO( s ) (yellow) –90.46 –58.43 71.13
HgCl 2 ( s ) –224.3 –178.6 146.0
Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) –265.4 –210.7 191.6
HgS( s ) (red) –58.16 –50.6 82.4
HgS( s ) (black) –53.56 –47.70 88.28
HgSO 4 ( s) –707.51 –594.13 0.00
nickel
Ni 2+ ( aq ) –64.0 –46.4 –159
nitrogen
N 2 ( g ) 0 0 191.6
N( g ) 472.704 455.5 153.3
NO( g ) 90.25 87.6 210.8
NO 2 ( g ) 33.2 51.30 240.1
N 2 O( g ) 81.6 103.7 220.0
N 2 O 3 ( g ) 83.72 139.41 312.17
NO 3 – ( aq ) –205.0 –108.7 146.4
N 2 O 4 ( g ) 11.1 99.8 304.4
N 2 O 5 ( g ) 11.3 115.1 355.7
NH 3 ( g ) –45.9 –16.5 192.8
NH 4 + ( aq ) –132.5 –79.31 113.4
N 2 H 4 ( l ) 50.63 149.43 121.21
N 2 H 4 ( g ) 95.4 159.4 238.5
NH 4 NO 3 ( s ) –365.56 –183.87 151.08
NH 4 Cl( s ) –314.43 –202.87 94.6
NH 4 Br( s) –270.8 –175.2 113.0
NH 4 I( s ) –201.4 –112.5 117.0
NH 4 NO 2 ( s ) –256.5 — —
HNO 3 ( l ) –174.1 –80.7 155.6
HNO 3 ( g ) –133.9 –73.5 266.9
oxygen
O 2 ( g ) 0 0 205.2
O( g ) 249.17 231.7 161.1
O 3 ( g ) 142.7 163.2 238.9
phosphorus
P 4 ( s ) 0 0 164.4
P 4 ( g ) 58.91 24.4 280.0
P( g ) 314.64 278.25 163.19
PH 3 ( g ) 5.4 13.5 210.2
PCl 3 ( g ) –287.0 –267.8 311.78
PCl 5 ( g ) –374.9 –305.0 364.4
P 4 O 6 ( s ) –1640.1 — —
P 4 O 10 ( s ) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86
PO 4 3– ( aq ) –1277 –1019 –222
HPO 3 ( s ) –948.5 — —
HPO 4 2– ( aq ) –1292.1 –1089.3 –33
H 2 PO 4 2– ( aq ) –1296.3 –1130.4 90.4
H 3 PO 2 ( s ) –604.6 — —
H 3 PO 3 ( s ) –964.4 — —
H 3 PO 4 ( s ) –1279.0 –1119.1 110.50
H 3 PO 4 (l ) –1266.9 –1124.3 110.5
H 4 P 2 O 7 ( s ) –2241.0 — —
POCl 3 ( l ) –597.1 –520.8 222.5
POCl 3 ( g ) –558.5 –512.9 325.5
potassium
K( s ) 0 0 64.7
K( g ) 89.0 60.5 160.3
K + ( aq ) –252.4 –283.3 102.5
KF( s ) –576.27 –537.75 66.57
KCl( s ) –436.5 –408.5 82.6
rubidium
Rb + ( aq ) –246 –282.2 124
silicon
Si( s ) 0 0 18.8
Si( g) 450.0 405.5 168.0
SiO 2 ( s ) –910.7 –856.3 41.5
SiH 4 ( g ) 34.3 56.9 204.6
H 2 SiO 3 ( s ) –1188.67 –1092.44 133.89
H 4 SiO 4 ( s ) –1481.14 –1333.02 192.46
SiF 4 ( g ) –1615.0 –1572.8 282.8
SiCl 4 ( l ) –687.0 –619.8 239.7
SiCl 4 ( g ) –662.75 –622.58 330.62
SiC( s, beta cubic ) –73.22 –70.71 16.61
SiC( s, alpha hexagonal ) –71.55 –69.04 16.48
silver
Ag( s ) 0 0 42.55
Ag( g ) 284.9 246.0 172.89
Ag + ( aq ) 105.6 77.11 72.68
Ag 2 O( s ) –31.05 –11.20 121.3
AgCl( s ) –127.0 –109.8 96.3
Ag 2 S( s ) –32.6 –40.7 144.0
sodium
Na( s ) 0 0 51.3
Na( g ) 107.5 77.0 153.7
Na + ( aq ) –240.1 –261.9 59
Na 2 O( s ) –414.2 –375.5 75.1
NaCl( s ) –411.2 –384.1 72.1
strontium
Sr 2+ ( aq ) –545.8 –557.3 –32.6
sulfur
S 8 ( s ) (rhombic) 0 0 256.8
S( g ) 278.81 238.25 167.82
S 2– ( aq ) 41.8 83.7 22
SO 2 ( g ) –296.83 –300.1 248.2
SO 3 ( g ) –395.72 –371.06 256.76
SO 4 2– ( aq ) –909.3 –744.5 20.1
S 2 O 3 2– ( aq ) –648.5 –522.5 67
H 2 S( g ) –20.6 –33.4 205.8
HS – ( aq ) –17.7 12.6 61.1
H 2 SO 4 ( l ) –813.989 690.00 156.90
HSO 4 2– ( aq ) –885.75 –752.87 126.9
H 2 S 2 O 7 ( s ) –1273.6 — —
SF 4 ( g ) –728.43 –684.84 291.12
SF 6 ( g ) –1220.5 –1116.5 291.5
SCl 2 ( l ) –50 — —
SCl 2 ( g) –19.7 — —
S 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –59.4 — —
S 2 Cl 2 ( g ) –19.50 –29.25 319.45
SOCl 2 ( g ) –212.55 –198.32 309.66
SOCl 2 ( l ) –245.6 — —
SO 2 Cl 2 ( l ) –394.1 — —
SO 2 Cl 2 (g) –354.80 –310.45 311.83
tin
Sn( s ) 0 0 51.2
Sn( g ) 301.2 266.2 168.5
SnO( s ) –285.8 –256.9 56.5
SnO 2 ( s ) –577.6 –515.8 49.0
SnCl 4 ( l ) –511.3 –440.1 258.6
SnCl 4 ( g ) –471.5 –432.2 365.8
titanium
Ti( s ) 0 0 30.7
Ti( g ) 473.0 428.4 180.3
TiO 2 ( s ) –944.0 –888.8 50.6
TiCl 4 ( l ) –804.2 –737.2 252.4
TiCl 4 ( g ) –763.2 –726.3 353.2
tungsten
W( s ) 0 0 32.6
W( g ) 849.4 807.1 174.0
WO 3 ( s ) –842.9 –764.0 75.9
zinc
Zn( s ) 0 0 41.6
Zn( g ) 130.73 95.14 160.98
Zn 2+ ( aq ) –153.9 –147.1 –112.1
ZnO( s ) –350.5 –320.5 43.7
ZnCl 2 ( s ) –415.1 –369.43 111.5
ZnS( s ) –206.0 –201.3 57.7
ZnSO 4 ( s ) –982.8 –871.5 110.5
ZnCO 3 ( s ) –812.78 –731.57 82.42
complexes
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , cis –898.7 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , trans –896.2 — —
NH 4 [Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 ] –837.6 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ][Co(NH 3 ) 2 (NO 2 ) 4 ] 3 –2733.0 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]Cl, cis –874.9 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]Cl, trans –877.4 — —
[Co(en) 2 (NO 2 ) 2 ]NO 3 , cis –689.5 — —
[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl, cis –681.2 — —
[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl, trans –677.4 — —
[Co(en) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 3 –762.7 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]Br 2 –595.8 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]I 2 –475.3 — —
[Co(en) 3 ]I 3 –519.2 — —
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ](ClO 4 ) 3 –1034.7 –221.1 615
[Co(NH 3 ) 5 NO 2 ](NO 3 ) 2 –1088.7 –412.9 331
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ](NO 3 ) 3 –1282.0 –524.5 448
[Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl]Cl 2 –1017.1 –582.5 366.1
[Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ]Cl 2 –725.5 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 2 –994.1 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]Br 2 –923.8 — —
[Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]I 2 –808.3 — —

Questions & Answers

Ayele, K., 2003. Introductory Economics, 3rd ed., Addis Ababa.
Widad Reply
can you send the book attached ?
Ariel
?
Ariel
What is economics
Widad Reply
the study of how humans make choices under conditions of scarcity
AI-Robot
U(x,y) = (x×y)1/2 find mu of x for y
Desalegn Reply
U(x,y) = (x×y)1/2 find mu of x for y
Desalegn
what is ecnomics
Jan Reply
this is the study of how the society manages it's scarce resources
Belonwu
what is macroeconomic
John Reply
macroeconomic is the branch of economics which studies actions, scale, activities and behaviour of the aggregate economy as a whole.
husaini
etc
husaini
difference between firm and industry
husaini Reply
what's the difference between a firm and an industry
Abdul
firm is the unit which transform inputs to output where as industry contain combination of firms with similar production 😅😅
Abdulraufu
Suppose the demand function that a firm faces shifted from Qd  120 3P to Qd  90  3P and the supply function has shifted from QS  20  2P to QS 10  2P . a) Find the effect of this change on price and quantity. b) Which of the changes in demand and supply is higher?
Toofiq Reply
explain standard reason why economic is a science
innocent Reply
factors influencing supply
Petrus Reply
what is economic.
Milan Reply
scares means__________________ends resources. unlimited
Jan
economics is a science that studies human behaviour as a relationship b/w ends and scares means which have alternative uses
Jan
calculate the profit maximizing for demand and supply
Zarshad Reply
Why qualify 28 supplies
Milan
what are explicit costs
Nomsa Reply
out-of-pocket costs for a firm, for example, payments for wages and salaries, rent, or materials
AI-Robot
concepts of supply in microeconomics
David Reply
economic overview notes
Amahle Reply
identify a demand and a supply curve
Salome Reply
i don't know
Parul
there's a difference
Aryan
Demand curve shows that how supply and others conditions affect on demand of a particular thing and what percent demand increase whith increase of supply of goods
Israr
Hi Sir please how do u calculate Cross elastic demand and income elastic demand?
Abari
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Source:  OpenStax, Chemistry. OpenStax CNX. May 20, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9
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