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| 1. | active transport | form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy |
| 2. | amphipathic | describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility |
| 3. | anaphase | third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell |
| 4. | anticodon | consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule |
| 5. | autolysis | breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action |
| 6. | autophagy | lysosomal breakdown of a cell's own components |
| 7. | cell cycle | life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells |
| 8. | cell membrane | membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane |
| 9. | centriole | small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division |
| 10. | centromere | region of attachment for two sister chromatids |
| 11. | centrosome | cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division |
| 12. | channel protein | membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances |
| 13. | checkpoint | progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase |
| 14. | chromatin | substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins |
| 15. | chromosome | condensed version of chromatin |
| 16. | cilia | small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface |
| 17. | cleavage furrow | contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves |
| 18. | codon | consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid |
| 19. | concentration gradient | difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions |
| 20. | cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) | one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions |
| 21. | cyclin | one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle |
| 22. | cytokinesis | final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells |
| 23. | cytoplasm | internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials |
| 24. | cytoskeleton | "skeleton" of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell's shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities |
| 25. | cytosol | clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water |
| 26. | DNA polymerase | enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication |
| 27. | DNA replication | process of duplicating a molecule of DNA |
| 28. | diffusion | movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration |
| 29. | diploid | condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents) |
| 30. | electrical gradient | difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions |
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