Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook (
[link] ). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as “inferior to” another or a physician might describe a tumor as “superficial to” a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts.
Anterior (or
ventral ) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
Posterior (or
dorsal ) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
Superior (or
cranial ) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
Inferior (or
caudal ) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.
Directional terms applied to the human body
Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body.
Body planes
A
section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain “virtual sections” of living bodies. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A
plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in
[link] .
The
sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section.
The
frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”)
The
transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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