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Introduction

In looking at the structure of atoms to understand their properties, we have come up with two very powerful models. The first of these, the electron shell model developed in Concept Development Study 4, is based on observing the Periodic Law and the ionization energies of atoms. This led us to a model of the atom in which the electrons in an atom can be grouped together into “shells” with the electrons in a single shell seem to have similar energies. The second model is the quantum energy level description we observed in Concept Development Study 5. We observed that electrons in hydrogen atoms can only have certain specific energies, called energy levels. These two models seem quite similar. In both cases, it appears that the arrangement of the electrons in an atom can be understood by looking at the energies that the electrons can have.

But there are still many questions about how these two models are related. We developed the shell model by comparing the properties of different atoms, each with different numbers of electrons. We developed the quantum energy level model by looking mostly at hydrogen atoms, which each have only a single electron. We would like to know how the energy levels in a hydrogen atom are related to the electron shells in atoms with many electrons.

Perhaps the electrons in a single shell are in the same energy level, but we have not shown that. Even if we assume it is true, we still do not know what determines how many electrons can be in a single level. Without that, we do not know why each shell has a limit on how many electrons can fit. And if we don’t know that, then we don’t know why the properties of the elements are periodic.

To answer these important questions, we need to understand what it means for an electron to move about a nucleus. In the process of studying this, we will find that electrons move very differently than the ways in which we are used to particles moving. The results are surprising but they provide a firm foundation for understanding the Periodic Law of the elements.

Foundation

In this study, we will assume that we know the postulates of the Atomic Molecular Theory and our measurements of relative atomic masses. We will also assume that we know that structure of an atom, with a tiny, massive, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a much larger empty space in which electrons move. The positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus and, in a neutral atom, is also equal to the number of electrons moving about the nucleus. We will assume knowledge of the concept of electron shells as a means of understanding the Periodic Law, which describes the chemical and physical properties of the elements.

From the previous Concept Development Studies, we shall also assume an understanding of Coulomb’s Law to describe the interactions of the protons and electrons in an atom. We will assume an understanding that light is an electromagnetic wave, meaning that, as it travels, the electric part of the light and the magnetic part of the light oscillate like a wave. And we shall also assume an understanding of the conclusions of our observations of the photoelectric effect. This means we understand that the energy of light is quantized into photons, or packets of energy, whose energy is proportional to the frequency of the light.

Questions & Answers

I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
Tanya Reply
what does preconceived mean
sammie Reply
physiological Psychology
Nwosu Reply
How can I develope my cognitive domain
Amanyire Reply
why is communication effective
Dakolo Reply
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
Wekolamo Reply
please i need answer
Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Manix Reply
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
JESSY Reply
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
Simon Reply
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
namakula Reply
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
Amesalu Reply
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
Zyryn Reply
good👍
Jonathan
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
Kelu Reply
interpersonal relationships
Abdulfatai Reply
What would be the best educational aid(s) for gifted kids/savants?
Heidi Reply
treat them normal, if they want help then give them. that will make everyone happy
Saurabh
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Source:  OpenStax, Concept development studies in chemistry 2013. OpenStax CNX. Oct 07, 2013 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11579/1.1
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