Autoimmune diseases such as
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and
rheumatoid arthritis can also involve damaging type III hypersensitivity reactions when auto-antibodies form immune complexes with self antigens. These conditions are discussed in
Autoimmune Disorders .
Type III hypersensitivities and the systems they affect. (a) Immune complexes form and deposit in tissue. Complement activation, stimulation of an inflammatory response, and recruitment and activation of neutrophils result in damage to blood vessels, heart tissue, joints, skin, and/or kidneys. (b) If the kidneys are damaged by a type III hypersensitivity reaction, dialysis may be required.
Why is antibody excess important in type III hypersensitivity?
Describe the differences between the Arthus reaction and serum sickness.
Diphtheria antitoxin
Antibacterial sera are much less commonly used now than in the past, having been replaced by toxoid vaccines. However, a diphtheria antitoxin produced in horses is one example of such a treatment that is still used in some parts of the world. Although it is not licensed by the FDA for use in the United States, diphtheria antitoxin can be used to treat cases of diphtheria, which are caused by the bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Diphtheria Antitoxin.” http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/dat.html. Accessed March 25, 2016. The treatment is not without risks, however. Serum sickness can occur when the patient develops an immune response to non-self horse proteins. Immune complexes are formed between the horse proteins and circulating antibodies when the two exist in certain proportions. These immune complexes can deposit in organs, causing damage such as arthritis, nephritis, rash, and fever. Serum sickness is usually transient with no permanent damage unless the patient is chronically exposed to the antigen, which can then result in irreversible damage to body sites such as joints and kidneys. Over time, phagocytic cells such as macrophages are able to clear the horse serum antigens, which results in improvement of the patient’s condition and a decrease in symptoms as the immune response dissipates.
Part 3
Kerry does not make it to the rheumatologist. She has a seizure as she is leaving her primary care physician’s office. She is quickly rushed to the emergency department, where her primary care physician relates her medical history and recent test results. The emergency department physician calls in the rheumatologist on staff at the hospital for consultation. Based on the symptoms and test results, the rheumatologist suspects that Kerry has lupus and orders a pair of blood tests: an antinuclear antibody test (ANA) to look for antibodies that bind to DNA and another test that looks for antibodies that bind to a self-antigen called the Smith antigen (Sm).
Based on the blood tests ordered, what type of reaction does the rheumatologist suspect is causing Kerry’s seizure?
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Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
