-
Home
- Organizational change in the
- Additional readings and research
- Theories of educational management
Subjective models have the following major
features:
- They focus on the beliefs and perceptions of individual
members of organizations rather than the institutional level orinterest groups. The focus on individuals rather than the
organization is a fundamental difference between subjective andformal models, and creates what Hodgkinson (1993) regards as an
unbridgeable divide.“A fact can never entail a value, and an
individual can never become a collective”(p. xii).
- Subjective models are concerned with the meanings placed on
events by people within organizations. The focus is on theindividual interpretation of behaviour rather than the situations
and actions themselves.“Events and meanings are loosely coupled:
the same events can have very different meanings for differentpeople because of differences in the schema that they use to
interpret their experience”(Bolman&Deal, 1991, p.
244).
- The different meanings placed on situations by the various
participants are products of their values, background andexperience. So the interpretation of events depends on the beliefs
held by each member of the organization. Greenfield (1979) assertsthat formal theories make the mistake of treating the meanings of
leaders as if they were the objective realities of theorganization.“Too frequently in the past, organisation and
administrative theory has . . . taken sides in the ideologicalbattles of social process and presented as‘theory’”(p. 103) , the
views of a dominating set of values, the views of rulers, elites,and their administrators.
- Subjective models treat structure as a product of human
interaction rather than something that is fixed or predetermined.The organization charts, which are characteristic of formal models,
are regarded as fictions in that they cannot predict the behaviourof individuals. Subjective approaches move the emphasis away from
structure towards a consideration of behaviour and process.Individual behaviour is thought to reflect the personal qualities
and aspirations of the participants rather than the formal rolesthey occupy.“Organisations exist to serve human needs, rather than
the reverse”(Bolman&Deal, 1991, p. 121).
- Subjective approaches emphasize the significance of
individual purposes and deny the existence of organizational goals.Greenfield (1973) asks“What is an organisation that it can have
such a thing as a goal?”(p. 553). The view that organizations are
simply the product of the interaction of their members leadsnaturally to the assumption that objectives are individual, not
organizational (Bush, 2003, p. 114-118).
Subjective models and qualitative research
The theoretical dialectic between formal and
subjective models is reflected in the debate about positivism andinterpretivism in educational research. Subjective models relate to
a mode of research that is predominantly interpretive orqualitative. This approach to enquiry is based on the subjective
experience of individuals. The main aim is to seek understanding ofthe ways in which individuals create, modify and interpret the
social world which they inhabit.
Questions & Answers
I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
what does preconceived mean
How can I develope my cognitive domain
why is communication effective
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
please i need answer
Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
interpersonal relationships
What would be the best educational aid(s) for gifted kids/savants?
treat them normal, if they want help then give them.
that will make everyone happy
Saurabh
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
Source:
OpenStax, Organizational change in the field of education administration. OpenStax CNX. Feb 03, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10402/1.2
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.