Start a chain reaction, or introduce non-radioactive isotopes to prevent one. Control energy production in a nuclear reactor!
Section summary
The binding energy (BE) of a nucleus is the energy needed to separate it into individual protons and neutrons. In terms of atomic masses,
where
is the mass of a hydrogen atom,
is the atomic mass of the nuclide, and
is the mass of a neutron. Patterns in the binding energy per nucleon,
, reveal details of the nuclear force. The larger the
, the more stable the nucleus.
Conceptual questions
Why is the number of neutrons greater than the number of protons in stable nuclei having
greater than about 40, and why is this effect more pronounced for the heaviest nuclei?
is a loosely bound isotope of hydrogen. Called deuterium or heavy hydrogen, it is stable but relatively rare—it is 0.015% of natural hydrogen. Note that deuterium has
, which should tend to make it more tightly bound, but both are odd numbers. Calculate
, the binding energy per nucleon, for
and compare it with the approximate value obtained from the graph in
[link] .
is among the most tightly bound of all nuclides. It is more than 90% of natural iron. Note that
has even numbers of both protons and neutrons. Calculate
, the binding energy per nucleon, for
and compare it with the approximate value obtained from the graph in
[link] .
is the heaviest stable nuclide, and its
is low compared with medium-mass nuclides. Calculate
, the binding energy per nucleon, for
and compare it with the approximate value obtained from the graph in
[link] .
(a) Calculate
for
, the rarer of the two most common uranium isotopes. (b) Calculate
for
. (Most of uranium is
.) Note that
has even numbers of both protons and neutrons. Is the
of
significantly different from that of
?
(a) Calculate
for
. Stable and relatively tightly bound, this nuclide is most of natural carbon. (b) Calculate
for
. Is the difference in
between
and
significant? One is stable and common, and the other is unstable and rare.
(a) 7.680 MeV, consistent with graph
(b) 7.520 MeV, consistent with graph. Not significantly different from value for
, but sufficiently lower to allow decay into another nuclide that is more tightly bound.
The fact that
is greatest for
near 60 implies that the range of the nuclear force is about the diameter of such nuclides. (a) Calculate the diameter of an
nucleus. (b) Compare
for
and
. The first is one of the most tightly bound nuclides, while the second is larger and less tightly bound.
The purpose of this problem is to show in three ways that the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is negligible compared with the masses of the proton and electron. (a) Calculate the mass equivalent in u of the 13.6-eV binding energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom, and compare this with the mass of the hydrogen atom obtained from
Appendix A . (b) Subtract the mass of the proton given in
[link] from the mass of the hydrogen atom given in
Appendix A . You will find the difference is equal to the electron’s mass to three digits, implying the binding energy is small in comparison. (c) Take the ratio of the binding energy of the electron (13.6 eV) to the energy equivalent of the electron’s mass (0.511 MeV). (d) Discuss how your answers confirm the stated purpose of this problem.
A particle physicist discovers a neutral particle with a mass of 2.02733 u that he assumes is two neutrons bound together. (a) Find the binding energy. (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) What assumptions are unreasonable or inconsistent?
(a)
(b) The negative binding energy implies an unbound system.
(c) This assumption that it is two bound neutrons is incorrect.
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
Abdureman
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