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In this figure a vector A with a positive slope is drawn from the origin. Then from the head of the vector A another vector B with positive slope is drawn and then another vector C with negative slope from the head of the vector B is drawn which cuts the x axis. From the tail of the vector A a vector R of magnitude of fifty meter and with negative slope of seven degrees is drawn. The head of this vector R meets the head of the vector C. The vector R is known as the resultant vector. A ruler is placed along the vector R to measure it. Also there is a protractor to measure the angle.

In this case, the total displacement R size 12{R} {} is seen to have a magnitude of 50.0 m and to lie in a direction 7.0° size 12{7 "." 0°} {} south of east. By using its magnitude and direction, this vector can be expressed as R = 50.0 m size 12{R" = 50" "." "0 m"} {} and θ = 7 . size 12{θ=7 "." "0°"} {} south of east.

Discussion

The head-to-tail graphical method of vector addition works for any number of vectors. It is also important to note that the resultant is independent of the order in which the vectors are added. Therefore, we could add the vectors in any order as illustrated in [link] and we will still get the same solution.

In this figure a vector C with a negative slope is drawn from the origin. Then from the head of the vector C another vector A with positive slope is drawn and then another vector B with negative slope from the head of the vector A is drawn. From the tail of the vector C a vector R of magnitude of fifty point zero meters and with negative slope of seven degrees is drawn. The head of this vector R meets the head of the vector B. The vector R is known as the resultant vector.

Here, we see that when the same vectors are added in a different order, the result is the same. This characteristic is true in every case and is an important characteristic of vectors. Vector addition is commutative    . Vectors can be added in any order.

A + B = B + A . size 12{"A+B=B+A"} {}

(This is true for the addition of ordinary numbers as well—you get the same result whether you add 2 + 3 size 12{"2+3"} {} or 3 + 2 size 12{"3+2"} {} , for example).

Vector subtraction

Vector subtraction is a straightforward extension of vector addition. To define subtraction (say we want to subtract B size 12{B} {} from A size 12{A} {} , written A B size 12{ "A" "-B"} {} , we must first define what we mean by subtraction. The negative of a vector B is defined to be –B ; that is, graphically the negative of any vector has the same magnitude but the opposite direction , as shown in [link] . In other words, B size 12{B} {} has the same length as –B size 12{"-" "B"} {} , but points in the opposite direction. Essentially, we just flip the vector so it points in the opposite direction.

Two vectors are shown. One of the vectors is labeled as vector   in north east direction. The other vector is of the same magnitude and is in the opposite direction to that of vector B. This vector is denoted as negative B.
The negative of a vector is just another vector of the same magnitude but pointing in the opposite direction. So B size 12{B} {} is the negative of –B size 12{ ital "-B"} {} ; it has the same length but opposite direction.

The subtraction of vector B from vector A is then simply defined to be the addition of –B to A . Note that vector subtraction is the addition of a negative vector. The order of subtraction does not affect the results.

A – B = A +  ( –B ) . size 12{ bold "A – B = A + " \( bold "–B" \) } {}

This is analogous to the subtraction of scalars (where, for example, 5 – 2 = 5 +  ( –2 ) size 12{"5 – 2 = 5 + " \( "–2" \) } {} ). Again, the result is independent of the order in which the subtraction is made. When vectors are subtracted graphically, the techniques outlined above are used, as the following example illustrates.

Subtracting vectors graphically: a woman sailing a boat

A woman sailing a boat at night is following directions to a dock. The instructions read to first sail 27.5 m in a direction 66.0° size 12{"66" "." 0°} {} north of east from her current location, and then travel 30.0 m in a direction 112° size 12{"112"°} {} north of east (or 22.0° size 12{"22" "." 0°} {} west of north). If the woman makes a mistake and travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the trip, where will she end up? Compare this location with the location of the dock.

A vector of magnitude twenty seven point five meters is shown. It is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of sixty six degrees. Another vector of magnitude thirty point zero meters is shown. It is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of one hundred and twelve degrees.

Strategy

We can represent the first leg of the trip with a vector A , and the second leg of the trip with a vector B size 12{B} {} . The dock is located at a location A + B . If the woman mistakenly travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the journey, she will travel a distance B (30.0 m) in the direction 180° 112° = 68° south of east. We represent this as –B , as shown below. The vector –B has the same magnitude as B but is in the opposite direction. Thus, she will end up at a location A + ( –B ) , or A B .

A vector labeled negative B is inclined at an angle of sixty-eight degrees below a horizontal line. A dotted line in the reverse direction inclined at one hundred and twelve degrees above the horizontal line is also shown.

We will perform vector addition to compare the location of the dock, B size 12{ ital "A ""+ "B} {} , with the location at which the woman mistakenly arrives, A +  ( –B ) size 12{ bold "A + " \( bold "–B" \) } {} .

Solution

(1) To determine the location at which the woman arrives by accident, draw vectors A size 12{A} {} and –B .

(2) Place the vectors head to tail.

(3) Draw the resultant vector R size 12{R} {} .

(4) Use a ruler and protractor to measure the magnitude and direction of R size 12{R} {} .

Vectors A and negative B are connected in head to tail method. Vector A is inclined with horizontal with positive slope and vector negative B with a negative slope. The resultant of these two vectors is shown as a vector R from tail of A to the head of negative B. The length of the resultant is twenty three point zero meters and has a negative slope of seven point five degrees.

In this case, R = 23 . 0 m size 12{R"=23" "." "0 m"} {} and θ = 7 . size 12{θ=7 "." "5° south of east"} {} south of east.

(5) To determine the location of the dock, we repeat this method to add vectors A size 12{A} {} and B size 12{B} {} . We obtain the resultant vector R ' size 12{R'} {} :

A vector A inclined at sixty six degrees with horizontal is shown. From the head of this vector another vector B is started. Vector B is inclined at one hundred and twelve degrees with the horizontal. Another vector labeled as R prime from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B is drawn. The length of this vector is fifty two point nine meters and its inclination with the horizontal is shown as ninety point one degrees. Vector R prime is equal to the sum of vectors A and B.

In this case R  = 52.9 m size 12{R" = 52" "." "9 m"} {} and θ = 90.1° size 12{θ="90" "." "1° north of east "} {}  north of east.

We can see that the woman will end up a significant distance from the dock if she travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the trip.

Discussion

Because subtraction of a vector is the same as addition of a vector with the opposite direction, the graphical method of subtracting vectors works the same as for addition.

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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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