8.8 Complex rational expressions

Elementary algebra Page 1 / 1

<para>This module is from<link document="col10614">Elementary Algebra</link>by Denny Burzynski and Wade Ellis, Jr.</para><para>A detailed study of arithmetic operations with rational expressions is presented in this chapter, beginning with the definition of a rational expression and then proceeding immediately to a discussion of the domain. The process of reducing a rational expression and illustrations of multiplying, dividing, adding, and subtracting rational expressions are also included. Since the operations of addition and subtraction can cause the most difficulty, they are given particular attention. We have tried to make the written explanation of the examples clearer by using a "freeze frame" approach, which walks the student through the operation step by step.</para><para>The five-step method of solving applied problems is included in this chapter to show the problem-solving approach to number problems, work problems, and geometry problems. The chapter also illustrates simplification of complex rational expressions, using the combine-divide method and the LCD-multiply-divide method.</para><para>Objectives of this module: be able to distinguish between simple and complex fractions, be able to simplify complex fractions using the combine-divide and the LCD-multiply-divide method.</para>

Overview

Simple And Complex Fractions
The Combine-Divide Method
The LCD-Multiply-Divide Method

Simple and complex fractions

Simple fraction

In Section [link] we saw that a simple fraction was a fraction of the form

\frac{P}{Q},

where

P

and

Q

are polynomials and

Q \neq 0

Complex fraction

A complex fraction is a fraction in which the numerator or denominator, or both, is a fraction. The fractions

\begin{array}{l} \frac{\frac{8}{15}}{\frac{2}{3}} & and & \frac{1 - \frac{1}{x}}{1 - \frac{1}{x^{2}}} \end{array}

are examples of complex fractions, or more generally, complex rational expressions.

There are two methods for simplifying complex rational expressions: the combine-divide method and the LCD-multiply-divide method.

The combine-divide method

If necessary, combine the terms of the numerator together.
If necessary, combine the terms of the denominator together.
Divide the numerator by the denominator.

Sample set a

Simplify each complex rational expression.

$\begin{array}{l} \frac{\frac{x^{3}}{8}}{\frac{x^{5}}{12}} \\ Steps 1 and 2 are not necessary so we proceed with step 3 . \\ \frac{\frac{x^{3}}{8}}{\frac{x^{5}}{12}} = \frac{x^{3}}{8} \cdot \frac{12}{x^{5}} = \frac{x^{3}}{\underset{2}{8}} \cdot \frac{\overset{3}{12}}{x^{52}} = \frac{3}{2 x^{2}} \end{array}$

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$\begin{array}{l} \frac{1 - \frac{1}{x}}{1 - \frac{1}{x^{2}}} \\ Step 1: Combine the terms of the numerator: LCD = x . \\ 1 - \frac{1}{x} = \frac{x}{x} - \frac{1}{x} = \frac{x - 1}{x} \\ Step 2: Combine the terms of the denominator: LCD = x^{2} \\ 1 - \frac{1}{x^{2}} = \frac{x^{2}}{x^{2}} - \frac{1}{x^{2}} = \frac{x^{2} - 1}{x^{2}} \\ Step 3: Divide the numerator by the denominator . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\frac{x - 1}{x}}{\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x^{2}}} & = & \frac{x - 1}{x} \cdot \frac{x^{2}}{x^{2} - 1} \\ = & \frac{x - 1}{x} \frac{x^{2}}{(x + 1) (x - 1)} \\ = & \frac{x}{x + 1} \end{array} \\ Thus, \\ \frac{1 - \frac{1}{x}}{1 - \frac{1}{x^{2}}} = \frac{x}{x + 1} \end{array}$

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$\begin{array}{l} \frac{2 - \frac{13}{m} - \frac{7}{m^{2}}}{2 + \frac{3}{m} + \frac{1}{m^{2}}} \\ Step 1: Combine the terms of the numerator: LCD = m^{2} . \\ 2 - \frac{13}{m} - \frac{7}{m^{2}} = \frac{2 m^{2}}{m^{2}} - \frac{13 m}{m^{2}} - \frac{7}{m^{2}} = \frac{2 m^{2} - 13 m - 7}{m^{2}} \\ Step 2: Combine the terms of the denominator: LCD = m^{2} \\ 2 + \frac{3}{m} + \frac{1}{m^{2}} = \frac{2 m^{2}}{m^{2}} + \frac{3 m}{m^{2}} + \frac{1}{m^{2}} = \frac{2 m^{2} + 3 m + 1}{m^{2}} \\ Step 3: Divide the numerator by the denominator . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\frac{2 m^{2} - 13 m - 7}{m^{2}}}{\frac{2 m^{2} + 3 m - 1}{m^{2}}} & = & \frac{2 m^{2} - 13 m - 7}{m^{2}} \cdot \frac{m^{2}}{2 m^{2} + 3 m + 1} \\ = & \frac{(2 m + 1) (m - 7)}{m^{2}} \cdot \frac{m^{2}}{(2 m + 1) (m + 1)} \\ = & \frac{m - 7}{m + 1} \end{array} \\ Thus, \\ \frac{2 - \frac{13}{m} - \frac{7}{m^{2}}}{2 + \frac{3}{m} + \frac{1}{m^{2}}} = \frac{m - 7}{m + 1} \end{array}$

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Practice set a

Use the combine-divide method to simplify each expression.

$\frac{\frac{27 x^{2}}{6}}{\frac{15 x^{3}}{8}}$

$\frac{12}{5 x}$

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$\frac{3 - \frac{1}{x}}{3 + \frac{1}{x}}$

$\frac{3 x - 1}{3 x + 1}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{x}{y}}{x - \frac{y^{2}}{x}}$

$\frac{x}{y (x - y)}$

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$\frac{m - 3 + \frac{2}{m}}{m - 4 + \frac{3}{m}}$

$\frac{m - 2}{m - 3}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{1}{x - 1}}{1 - \frac{1}{x - 1}}$

$\frac{x}{x - 2}$

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The lcd-multiply-divide method

Find the LCD of all the terms.
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD.
Reduce if necessary.

Sample set b

Simplify each complex fraction.

$\begin{array}{l} \frac{1 - \frac{4}{a^{2}}}{1 + \frac{2}{a}} \\ Step 1: The LCD = a^{2} . \\ Step 2: Multiply both the numerator and denominator by a^{2} . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{a^{2} (1 - \frac{4}{a^{2}})}{a^{2} (1 + \frac{2}{a})} & = & \frac{a^{2} \cdot 1 - a^{2} \cdot \frac{4}{a^{2}}}{a^{2} \cdot 1 + a^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{a}} \\ = & \frac{a^{2} - 4}{a^{2} + 2 a} \end{array} \\ Step 3: Reduce . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{a^{2} - 4}{a^{2} + 2 a} & = & \frac{(a + 2) (a - 2)}{a (a + 2)} \\ = & \frac{a - 2}{a} \end{array} \\ Thus, \\ \frac{1 - \frac{4}{a^{2}}}{1 + \frac{2}{a}} = \frac{a - 2}{a} \end{array}$

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$\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{l} \frac{1 - \frac{5}{x} - \frac{6}{x^{2}}}{1 + \frac{6}{x} + \frac{5}{x^{2}}} \\ Step 1 : The LCD is x^{2} . \\ Step 2 : Multiply the numerator and denominator by x^{2} . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2} (1 - \frac{5}{x} - \frac{6}{x^{2}})}{x^{2} (1 + \frac{6}{x} + \frac{5}{x^{2}})} & = & \frac{x^{2} \cdot 1 - x^{2} \cdot \frac{5}{x} - x^{2} \cdot \frac{6}{x^{2}}}{x^{2} \cdot 1 + x^{2} \cdot \frac{6}{x} + x^{2} \cdot \frac{5}{x^{2}}} \\ = & \frac{x^{2} - 5 x - 6}{x^{2} + 6 x + 5} \end{array} \end{array} \\ Step 3 : Reduce . \\ \begin{array}{l} \frac{x^{2} - 5 x - 6}{x^{2} + 6 x + 5} & = & \frac{(x - 6) (x + 1)}{(x + 5) (x + 1)} \\ = & \frac{x - 6}{x + 5} \end{array} \\ Thus, \\ \frac{1 - \frac{5}{x} - \frac{6}{x^{2}}}{1 + \frac{6}{x} + \frac{5}{x^{2}}} = \frac{x - 6}{x + 5} \end{array}$

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Practice set b

The following problems are the same problems as the problems in Practice Set A. Simplify these expressions using the LCD-multiply-divide method. Compare the answers to the answers produced in Practice Set A.

$\frac{\frac{27 x^{2}}{6}}{\frac{15 x^{3}}{8}}$

$\frac{12}{5 x}$

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$\frac{3 - \frac{1}{x}}{3 + \frac{1}{x}}$

$\frac{3 x - 1}{3 x + 1}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{x}{y}}{x - \frac{y^{2}}{x}}$

$\frac{x}{y (x - y)}$

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$\frac{m - 3 + \frac{2}{m}}{m - 4 + \frac{3}{m}}$

$\frac{m - 2}{m - 3}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{1}{x - 1}}{1 - \frac{1}{x - 1}}$

$\frac{x}{x - 2}$

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Exercises

For the following problems, simplify each complex rational expression.

$\frac{1 + \frac{1}{4}}{1 - \frac{1}{4}}$

$\frac{5}{3}$

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$\frac{1 - \frac{1}{3}}{1 + \frac{1}{3}}$

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$\frac{1 - \frac{1}{y}}{1 + \frac{1}{y}}$

$\frac{y - 1}{y + 1}$

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$\frac{a + \frac{1}{x}}{a - \frac{1}{x}}$

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$\frac{\frac{a}{b} + \frac{c}{b}}{\frac{a}{b} - \frac{c}{b}}$

$\frac{a + c}{a - c}$

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$\frac{\frac{5}{m} + \frac{4}{m}}{\frac{5}{m} - \frac{4}{m}}$

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$\frac{3 + \frac{1}{x}}{\frac{3 x + 1}{x^{2}}}$

$x$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{x}{x + y}}{1 - \frac{x}{x + y}}$

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$\frac{2 + \frac{5}{a + 1}}{2 - \frac{5}{a + 1}}$

$\frac{2 a + 7}{2 a - 3}$

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$\frac{1 - \frac{1}{a - 1}}{1 + \frac{1}{a - 1}}$

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$\frac{4 - \frac{1}{m^{2}}}{2 + \frac{1}{m}}$

$\frac{2 m - 1}{m}$

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$\frac{9 - \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{3 - \frac{1}{x}}$

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$\frac{k - \frac{1}{k}}{\frac{k + 1}{k}}$

$k - 1$

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$\frac{\frac{m}{m + 1} - 1}{\frac{m + 1}{2}}$

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$\frac{\frac{2 x y}{2 x - y} - y}{\frac{2 x - y}{3}}$

$\frac{3 y^{2}}{{(2 x - y)}^{2}}$

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$\frac{\frac{1}{a + b} - \frac{1}{a - b}}{\frac{1}{a + b} + \frac{1}{a - b}}$

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$\frac{\frac{5}{x + 3} - \frac{5}{x - 3}}{\frac{5}{x + 3} + \frac{5}{x - 3}}$

$\frac{- 3}{x}$

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$\frac{2 + \frac{1}{y + 1}}{\frac{1}{y} + \frac{2}{3}}$

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$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{1}{y^{2}}}{\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y}}$

$\frac{y - x}{x y}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{5}{x} + \frac{6}{x^{2}}}{1 - \frac{1}{x} - \frac{12}{x^{2}}}$

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$\frac{1 + \frac{1}{y} - \frac{2}{y^{2}}}{1 + \frac{7}{y} + \frac{10}{y^{2}}}$

$\frac{y - 1}{y + 5}$

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$\frac{\frac{3 n}{m} - 2 - \frac{m}{n}}{\frac{3 n}{m} + 4 + \frac{m}{n}}$

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$\frac{x - \frac{4}{3 x - 1}}{1 - \frac{2 x - 2}{3 x - 1}}$

$3 x - 4$

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$\frac{\frac{y}{x + y} - \frac{x}{x - y}}{\frac{x}{x + y} + \frac{y}{x - y}}$

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$\frac{\frac{a}{a - 2} - \frac{a}{a + 2}}{\frac{2 a}{a - 2} + \frac{a^{2}}{a + 2}}$

$\frac{4}{a^{2} + 4}$

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$3 - \frac{2}{1 - \frac{1}{m + 1}}$

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$\frac{x - \frac{1}{1 - \frac{1}{x}}}{x + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}$

$\frac{(x - 2) (x + 1)}{(x - 1) (x + 2)}$

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In electricity theory, when two resistors of resistance $R_{1}$ and $R_{2}$ ohms are connected in parallel, the total resistance $R$ is

$R = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{R_{1}} + \frac{1}{R_{2}}}$

Write this complex fraction as a simple fraction.

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According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, two velocities $v_{1}$ and $v_{2}$ are not added according to $v = v_{1} + v_{2}$ , but rather by

$v = \frac{v_{1} + v_{2}}{1 + \frac{v_{1} v_{2}}{c^{2}}}$

Write this complex fraction as a simple fraction.

Einstein's formula is really only applicale for velocities near the speed of light $(c = 186, 000 miles per second) .$ At very much lower velocities, such as 500 miles per hour, the formula $v = v_{1} + v_{2}$ provides an extremely good approximation.

$\frac{c^{2} (V_{1} + V_{2})}{c^{2} + V_{1} V_{2}}$

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Exercises for review

( [link] ) Supply the missing word. Absolute value speaks to the question of how and not “which way.”

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( [link] ) Find the product. ${(3 x + 4)}^{2} .$

$9 x^{2} + 24 x + 16$

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( [link] ) Factor $x^{4} - y^{4} .$

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( [link] ) Solve the equation $\frac{3}{x - 1} - \frac{5}{x + 3} = 0.$

$x = 7$

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( [link] ) One inlet pipe can fill a tank in 10 minutes. Another inlet pipe can fill the same tank in 4 minutes. How long does it take both pipes working together to fill the tank?

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Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?

Aislinn Reply

tijani

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Siyaka Reply

A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance

Jude Reply

Can you compute that for me. Ty

Jude

what is the dimension formula of energy?

David Reply

what is viscosity?

David

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emma Reply

what is chemistry

Youesf Reply

what is inorganic

emma

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes

Adjei

please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics

Adjanou

chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.

Pedro

A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity

Krampah Reply

2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.

Sahid Reply

you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s

Samuel Reply

can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?

Joseph Reply

Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time

Joseph

Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing

Joseph

"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true

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Maurice

answer

Magreth

progressive wave

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Mujahid

A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?

yasuo Reply

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Source: OpenStax, Elementary algebra. OpenStax CNX. May 08, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10614/1.3

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